The Historical Ephemeris
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Key:
* = a period of change or a general trend
? = an uncertain date
-334 |
GREECE: Alexander's campaign of invasion (334-323) starts (Persia defeated 333, subdued 328) |
-334 UR +qcx NE Ar Sc |
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- |
-333 NE OPPN PL Sc Ta |
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-333 |
CHINA: expansion of the state of Ch'u, annexing Yueh (Period of Warring States) |
-333 UR +qcx NE Ar Sc |
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- |
-333 UR -ssx PL Ar Ta |
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-332 |
MIDEAST: Alexander invades Syria, Babylon, Palestine & Egypt |
-332 NE OPPN PL Sc Ta |
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- |
-332 UR +qcx NE Ar Sc |
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-331 |
-332 UR -ssx PL Ar Ta |
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- |
-331 NE OPPN PL Sc Ta |
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-330 |
MIDEAST: ALEXANDRIAN EMPIRE ESTABLISHED (capital at Babylon; Spartans revolt) |
-330 NE OPPN PL Sc Ta |
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- |
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-329 |
-329 NE OPPN PL Sc Ta |
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- |
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-328 |
CHINA: CH'IN (QIN) DYNASTY GAIN CONTROL OF NW CHINA (becoming masters of China by 221) |
-328 NE OPPN PL Sc Ta |
-328 UR Ta |
- |
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-327 |
INDIA: Alexander invades NW India (327-325) (fuelled by idea of world domination) |
-327 Sa CONJ UR Ta Ta |
-327 UR Ta |
- |
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-326 |
ITALY: second Samnite War (326-04) in Italy (growth of Roman power & territories) |
-326 Sa OPPN NE Ta Sc |
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- |
-326 Sa CONJ PL Ta Ta |
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-325 |
INDIA: Chandragupta Maurya (a young adventurer, later emperor) meets up with Alexander |
-325 Sa OPPN NE Ta Sc |
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- |
* S AMERICA: rise of TUMACO CULTURE (mountain Colombia, goldworking, Spanish 'El Dorado') |
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-324 |
MIDEAST: integration of Alexandrian Empire (law, intermarriage, cities, economic growth) |
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- |
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-323 |
MIDEAST: Alexander the Great dies (age 33): DIADOCHI WARS (323-301) between his successors |
-323 UR CONJ PL Ta Ta |
-323 NE Sg |
- |
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-322 |
CHINA: Mencius teaches that popular welfare be the condition of royal authority in N China |
-322 NE Sg |
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- |
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-321 |
* N AFRICA: Alexandria becomes centre of Greek, Jewish & ancient learning |
-321 UR OPPN NE Ge Sg |
-321 UR Ge |
- |
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-320 |
* MIDEAST: Diadochi kgdms: Seleucid (Syria-Persia), Ptolemaic (Egypt), Antigonid (Greece) |
-320 UR OPPN NE Ge Sg |
-320 UR Ge |
- |
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-319 |
GREECE: autonomy restored to Grecian cities under Macedonian Antigonids |
-319 UR OPPN NE Ge Sg |
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- |
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-318 |
INDIA: CHANDRAGUPTA MAURYA founds MAURYAN DYNASTY (reconquers N India after Greeks) |
-318 UR OPPN NE Ge Sg |
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- |
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-317 |
MIDEAST: Ardvates (317-284) creates independent Armenia (previously Alexandrian & Persian) |
-317 UR OPPN NE Ge Sg |
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- |
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-316 |
GREECE: Thebes rebuilt after destruction in -335 by Alexander (purge of Alexandrian influence) |
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- |
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-315 |
ITALY: enlightened rule of Agathocles of Syracuse (317-310) |
-315 PL Ge |
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- |
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-314 |
MIDEAST: Seleucids take over Palestine |
-314 UR +ssx PL Cn Ge |
-314 PL Ge |
- |
-314 UR Cn |
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-313 |
-313 PL Ge |
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- |
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-312 |
MIDEAST: beginning of Seleucid era (first continuous historical dating system) |
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- |
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-311 |
ROME: beginning of great roadbuilding & construction: Appian Way & viaduct |
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- |
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-310 |
-310 UR +ssq PL Cn Ge |
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- |
-310 Sa OPPN PL Sg Ge |
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-309 |
-309 NE Cp |
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- |
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-308 |
-308 UR -qcx NE Le Cp |
-308 UR Le |
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- |
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-307 |
GREECE: democracy restored in Athens |
-307 UR -qcx NE Le Cp |
-307 UR Le |
- |
CHINA: military ascendancy of state of Chao (through adoption of Tatar culture & techniques) |
-307 Sa CONJ NE Cp Cp |
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-306 |
N AFRICA: building of Library & Museum at Alexandria (under Ptolemy Soter, Greek historian/general) |
-306 UR -qcx NE Le Cp |
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- |
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-305 |
-305 UR -qcx NE Le Cp |
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- |
-305 NE -qcx PL Cp Ge |
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-304 |
N AFRICA: Greek PTOLEMAIC DYNASTY (304- 30BCE) in Egypt by Ptolemy Soter |
-304 Sa OPPN UR Aq Le |
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- |
-304 NE -qcx PL Cp Ge |
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-303 |
INDIA: Chandragupta Maurya beats Seleucus Nicator, gaining NW India from Greeks |
-303 Sa OPPN UR Aq Le |
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- |
-303 NE -qcx PL Cp Ge |
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-302 |
-302 UR -sqt NE Le Cp |
-302 UR Vi |
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- |
-302 NE -qcx PL Cp Ge |
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-301 |
MIDEAST: Bt of Ipsus (in Phrygia) settles most disputes between Diadochi (Successors) |
-301 UR -sqt NE Vi Cp |
-301 UR Vi |
- |
N AFRICA: Ptolemy I founds the Museum of Alexandria |
-301 NE -qcx PL Cp Ge |
-300 |
? IDEAS: Euclid's works on geometry |
-300 UR -sqt NE Vi Cp |
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- |
* S AMERICA: downfall of Chorrera culture (Equador) |
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-299 |
* AMERICAS: Sun Temple at Teotihuacan, Mexico, built |
-299 UR -sqt NE Vi Cp |
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- |
* C ASIA: Sarmations (from Siberia) conquer Ukrainian Scythians |
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-298 |
-298 UR +SQR PL Vi Ge |
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- |
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-297 |
* CHINA: Meng-Tzu (Mencius, 373-288) at work (philosophical successor to Kung Fu Tse) |
-297 UR +SQR PL Vi Ge |
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- |
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-296 |
-296 UR -tri NE Vi Cp |
-296 UR Li |
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- |
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-295 |
-295 UR -tri NE Vi Cp |
-295 UR Li |
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- |
-295 NE Aq |
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-294 |
-294 UR -tri NE Li Aq |
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- |
-294 Sa CONJ PL Ge Ge |
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-293 |
ITALY: third Samnite war; Etruscans & Samnites subjected to Rome |
-293 UR -tri NE Li Aq |
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- |
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-292 |
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- |
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-291 |
-291 Sa OPPN NE Le Aq |
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- |
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-290 |
-290 Sa OPPN NE Le Aq |
-290 PL Cn | |
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-289 |
IDEAS: Zeno of Citium (336-263), founder of Stoicism (beginning of humanism & idealism) |
-289 NE -sqt PL Aq Ge |
-289 PL Cn |
- |
-289 UR Sc |
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-288 |
ITALY: Romans defeated by Celts at Bt of Arretium |
-288 UR +tri PL Sc Cn |
-288 UR Sc |
- |
-288 NE -sqt PL Aq Cn |
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-287 |
ROME: Plebeians granted equality before law with Patricians (cosmopolitan social changes) |
-287 UR +tri PL Sc Cn |
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- |
-287 NE -sqt PL Aq Cn |
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-286 |
-286 NE -sqt PL Aq Cn |
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- |
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-285 |
-285 NE -sqt PL Aq Cn |
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- |
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-284 |
-284 NE -sqt PL Aq Cn |
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- |
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-283 |
MED'N: Corsica taken by Romans (beginning of intentional expansion overseas) |
-283 UR -SQR NE Sc Aq |
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- |
-283 UR +sqt PL Sc Cn |
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-282 |
ITALY: Roman domination of Central Italy secured (after campaigns against Samnites & Celts) |
-282 UR -SQR NE Sc Aq |
-282 NE Pi |
- |
-282 UR +sqt PL Sc Cn |
-282 UR Sg | |
-281 |
IDEAS: Aristarchus of Samos (320-250), astronomer: (heliocentric universe, rotation of earth) |
-281 UR -SQR NE Sg Pi |
-281 NE Pi |
- |
-281 Sa CONJ UR Sg Sg |
-281 UR Sg |
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-280 |
MIDEAST: est of kingdom of Pontus (280- 47BCE) on Black Sea & Bosporus |
-280 UR -SQR NE Sg Pi |
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- |
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-279 |
MIDEAST: incursion of Celts in Greece & Asia Minor, est kgdm of Galatia (278- 74BCE) in Anatolia |
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- |
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-278 |
* GREECE: gradual decline (278-145) of Greece as a world force (loss of purpose) |
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- |
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-277 |
-277 UR +qcx PL Sg Cn |
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- |
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-276 |
-276 UR +qcx PL Sg Cn |
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- |
-276 Sa OPPN PL Cp Cn |
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-275 |
MED'N: Colossus (Rhodos) and Pharos (lighthouse at Alexandria) completed |
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- |
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-274 |
-274 UR Cp |
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- |
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-273 |
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- |
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-272 |
ITALY: ROMAN DOMINATION OF ITALY (after defeat of Tarentum & Pyrrhus in S Italy) |
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- |
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-271 |
-271 Sa CONJ NE Pi Pi |
-271 PL Le |
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- |
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-270 |
IDEAS: Aristarchus of Samos proposes a heliocentric universe (Earth orbits the Sun) |
-270 PL Le |
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- |
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-269 |
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- |
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-268 |
GREECE: Antigonus II takes Athens (frees it in -255) |
-268 NE Ar |
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- |
* INDIA: ASOKA, MAURYAN EMPEROR (268-233, at first warlike, later benevolent & exemplary) |
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-267 |
-267 NE Ar |
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- |
-267 UR Aq |
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-266 |
-266 UR Aq |
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- |
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-265 |
ROME: Greek prisoners of war convey medical and other knowledge to Romans |
-265 UR -sxt NE Aq Ar |
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- |
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-264 |
MED'N: first Punic War (-264-241) Rome v Carthage (struggle to control Mediterranean starts in Sicily) |
-264 UR OPPN PL Aq Le |
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- |
-264 UR -sxt NE Aq Ar |
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-263 |
-263 UR OPPN PL Aq Le |
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- |
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-262 |
GREECE: Athens becomes independent from Macedon (cultural centre but not economically great) |
-262 UR OPPN PL Aq Le |
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- |
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-261 |
-261 UR OPPN PL Aq Le |
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- |
-261 Sa OPPN UR Le Aq |
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-260 |
INDIA: Asoka crushes last major opponent (converts to Buddhism shortly afterwards) |
-261 Sa CONJ PL Le Le |
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- |
-260 Sa OPPN UR Le Aq |
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-259 |
-260 Sa CONJ PL Le Le |
-259 UR Pi |
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- |
-259 Sa OPPN UR Vi Pi |
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-258 |
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- |
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-257 |
-257 PL Vi |
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- |
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-256 |
-256 UR -ssq NE Pi Ar |
-256 PL Vi |
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- |
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-255 |
-255 Sa OPPN NE Li Ar |
-255 NE Ta |
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- |
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-254 |
-254 Sa OPPN NE Sc Ta |
-254 NE Ta |
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- |
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-253 |
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- |
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-252 |
-252 UR Ar |
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- |
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-251 |
ASIA: Asoka sends Buddhist missions to C Asia, Syria, Egypt, Greece, Burma & Sri Lanka |
-251 UR Ar |
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- |
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-250 |
* CHINA: humanitarian Hsun-Tzu encourages education, legalist conduct & conformity in Ch'in |
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- |
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-249 |
* INNOVN: parchment produced at Pergamum, Anatolia |
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- |
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-248 |
-248 UR -ssx NE Ar Ta |
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- |
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-247 |
PERSIA: est of independent feudal kgdm of Parthia in Transoxiania, by Arsaces I |
-247 UR -ssx NE Ar Ta |
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- |
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-246 |
CHINA: Shih Huang-Ti takes Ch'in throne (with Legalist minister Li Ssu & general Meng T'ien) |
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- |
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-245 |
-245 UR -qcx PL Ar Vi |
-245 PL Li |
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- |
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-244 |
-244 UR -qcx PL Ta Li |
-244 PL Li | |
- |
-244 UR Ta |
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-243 |
GREECE: Agis IV of Sparta attempts to set up early communistic reforms (243-1, see also 227) |
-243 UR -qcx PL Ta Li |
-243 UR Ta |
- |
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-242 |
-242 UR -qcx PL Ta Li |
-242 NE Ge |
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- |
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-241 |
-241 Sa OPPN PL Ar Li |
-241 NE Ge |
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- |
-241 UR -qcx PL Ta Li |
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-240 |
* C ASIA: Bactrian Greeks break away from Seleucids (forming Graeco-Turkic culture in Bactria) |
-240 HALLEY'S COMET |
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- |
-240 Sa OPPN PL Ar Li |
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-239 |
INNOVN: first record of Halley's Comet (China) |
-239 PL Peri 13Li |
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- |
C ASIA: Bactrian Greeks (Afghanistan-NW India) break away from Seleucids (Persia-Syria) |
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-238 |
MED'N: Rome takes Sardinia and Corsica from Carthage; Carthage colonises S Spain |
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- |
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-237 |
-237 Sa CONJ UR Ge Ge |
-237 UR Ge |
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- |
-237 UR -sqt PL Ge Li |
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-236 |
GREECE: war between Sparta & Achaean League |
-236UR -sqt PL Ge Li |
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- |
-236 Sa CONJ NE Ge Ge |
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-235 |
IDEAS: Eratosthenes calculates the Earth's circumerence |
-235 UR -sqt PL Ge Li |
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- |
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-234 |
-234 UR -sqt PL Ge Li |
-234 PL Sc |
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- |
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-233 |
CHINA: end of classical period of philosophy (on death of Hsun-Tsu) |
-233 UR CONJ NE Ge Ge |
-232 PL Sc |
- |
-233 UR -sqt PL Ge Li |
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-232 |
INDIA: Asoka dies (last great Mauryan Emperor, end of a great era in India) |
-232 UR CONJ NE Ge Ge |
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- |
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-231 |
-231 UR Cn |
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- |
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-230 |
* IDEAS: Archimedes of Syracuse (280-212), mathematician, physics, at work |
-230 NE -sqt PL Ge Sc |
-230 UR Cn |
- |
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-229 |
-229 UR -tri PL Cn Sc |
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- |
-229 NE -sqt PL Ge Sc |
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-228 |
-228 UR -tri PL Cn Sc |
-228 NE Cn |
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- |
-228 NE -sqt PL Ge Sc |
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-227 |
GREECE: Cleomenes III (227-22) reactivates communistic reforms in Sparta |
-227 UR -tri PL Cn Sc |
-227 NE Cn |
- |
-227 NE -sqt PL Cn Sc |
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-226 |
-226 UR -tri PL Cn Sc |
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- |
-226 NE -sqt PL Cn Sc |
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-225 |
ITALY: Celts defeated by Rome in Etruria |
-225 NE -sqt PL Cn Sc |
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- |
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-224 |
-224 NE -sqt PL Cn Sc |
-224 UR Le |
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- |
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-223 |
MIDEAST: Antiochus III the Great (223-187) (greatest of Seleucid kings) |
-223 NE -sqt PL Cn Sc |
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- |
-223 Sa CONJ PL Sc Sc |
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-222 |
ITALY: Rome conquers N Italy |
-222 NE -sqt PL Cn Sc |
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- |
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-221 |
* CHINA: UNIFICATION & STANDARDISATION by Ch'in modernist emp SHI HUANG-TI (221-09) |
-221 NE -sqt PL Cn Sc |
-221 PL Sg |
- |
-221 UR +ssx NE Le Cn |
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-220 |
* IDEAS: Eratosthenes of Cyrene, geographer, historian, astronomer, at work at Alexandria |
-220 NE -sqt PL Cn Sg |
-220 PL Sg |
- |
-220 UR +ssx NE Le Cn |
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-219 |
-219 NE -sqt PL Cn Sg |
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- |
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-218 |
MED'N: Second Punic War (218-01) (Rome v Carthage); Hannibal fails to beat Rome, loses Spain |
-218 NE -sqt PL Cn Sg |
-218 UR Vi |
- |
-217 UR -SQR PL Vi Sg |
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-217 |
N AFRICA: disastrous earthquakes kill 50,000 people, ruining 100 towns |
-217 NE -sqt PL Cn Sg |
-217 UR Vi |
- |
-217 Sa OPPN NE Cp Cn |
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-216 |
ITALY: Bt of Cannae, Hannibal wins worst Roman defeat ever); Hannibal retires (bad supplies) |
-216 UR -SQR PL Vi Sg |
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- |
-216 NE -sqt PL Cn Sg |
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-215 |
GREECE: internal division between states for & against Rome; Macedon allies with Carthage |
-215 UR -SQR PL Vi Sg |
-215 NE Le |
- |
-215 NE -sqt PL Cn Sg |
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-214 |
CHINA: building of earthen Great Wall (1400 miles), roads & canals; Shih Huang Ti invades S China |
-215 UR +ssq NE Vi Le |
-214 NE Le |
- |
-214 UR -SQR PL Vi Sg |
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-213 |
CHINA: "Burning of the Books" by Shih Huang-Ti (to suppress feudalism & traditionalism) |
-214 NE -sqt PL Cn Sg |
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- |
-214 UR +ssq NE Vi Cn |
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-212 |
CHINA: standardisation & simplification of Chinese script by Li Ssu, adviser to Shih Huang Ti |
-213 Sa OPPN UR Pi Vi |
-212 UR Li |
- |
-212 Sa OPPN UR Pi Vi |
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-211 |
ROME: Carthaginians under Hannibal before the walls of Rome |
-211 Sa OPPN UR Ar Li |
-211 UR Li |
- |
MIDEAST: Seleucids annex Armenia (211-190) |
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-210 |
ITALY: Sicily reconquered by Rome from Carthage |
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- |
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-209 |
* ASIA: formation of first Turkic empire of Hsiung-Nu in Mongolia |
-209 UR +sxt NE Li Le |
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- |
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-208 |
PERSIA: Seleucid Antiochus III attempts & fails to suppress Parthians & Graeco-Bactrians |
-208 UR +sxt NE Li Le |
|
- |
* C AMERICA: ASCENDANCY OF TEOTIHUACAN state, Valley of Mexico |
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-207 |
IBERIA: Romans beat Carthage in Spain (end of Carthaginian rule in Spain) |
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- |
CHINA: collapse of Shih Huang-Ti's Ch'in empire & destruction of Ch'in capital, Loyang |
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-206 |
CHINA: EARLIER HAN DYNASTY (206-09CE) (peasant soldier hero Liu Bang becomes emperor) |
-206 Sa OPPN PL Ge Sg |
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- |
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-205 |
-205 UR -sxt PL Li Sg |
-205 UR Sc |
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- |
-205 Sa OPPN PL Ge Sg |
-205 PL Cp |
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-204 |
-204 UR -sxt PL Sc Cp |
-204 UR Sc |
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- |
-204 PL Cp |
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-203 |
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- |
|||
-202 |
N AFRICA: Rome destroys Carthaginian army in Tunisia (vict of Roman citizens over Carthage traders) |
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- |
|||
-201 |
* PACIFIC: Polynesian settlement of Tahitian islands |
-201 Sa CONJ NE Le Le |
-201 NE Vi |
- |
-200 |
GREECE: Rome tames Macedon (to gain influence & trust in Greece) |
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- |
* ROME: end of Roman agrarian & peasant state, beg of urban-trading dominance |
-200 UR -ssq PL Sc Cp |
-200 NE Vi |
- |
CHINA: emperor surrounded by rebellious Hsiung-Nu; pacification by marriage & gifts |
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-199 |
* N AFRICA: carving of Rosetta Stone (later enabling decipherment of ancient scripts) |
-199 UR -ssq PL Sc Cp |
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- |
|||
-198 |
MIDEAST: Seleucid Antiochus III takes Palestine from Egypt |
-198 UR Sg |
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- |
|||
-197 |
ROME: 'History of Rome' by Quintus Fabius Pictor |
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- |
|||
-196 |
|||
- |
|||
-195 |
* S AMERICA: flourishing of the early Moche culture, lowland coastal Peru |
-195 UR +SQR NE Sg Vi |
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- |
|||
-194 |
* GERMANY: Teuton tribes (Allemani, Franks, Saxons, Thuringians) move south along Rhine & Elbe |
-194 UR +SQR NE Sg Vi |
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- |
-194 UR -ssx PL Sg Cp |
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-193 |
-193 NE -tri PL Vi Cp |
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- |
-193 UR -ssx PL Sg Cp |
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-192 |
GREECE: Antiochus III & Hannibal attack Greece (to counter Rome, gain Seleucid power in E Medn) |
-192 NE -tri PL Vi Cp |
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- |
|||
-191 |
* CHINA: Han traditionalist revival, leading to classical rebirth & book-transcription |
-191 NE -tri PL Vi Cp |
-191 UR Cp |
- |
|||
-190 |
MIDEAST: Romans beat Seleucid Antiochus III, taking Asia Minor (beginning of Seleucid decline) |
-190 NE -tri PL Vi Cp |
-190 UR Cp |
- |
-190 Sa CONJ UR Cp Cp |
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-189 |
MIDEAST: Armenia takes independence from Seleucids |
-189 NE -tri PL Vi Cp |
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- |
|||
-188 |
* MED'N: Roman dominance of eastern Mediterranean (after defeat of Hannibal's navy) |
-188 NE -tri PL Vi Cp |
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- |
-188 Sa CONJ PL Cp Cp |
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-187 |
-187 NE -tri PL Vi Cp |
-187 NE Li |
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- |
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-186 |
INDIA: Hindu Brahmin SHUNGA DYNASTY (186- 30) – fall of Buddhist Mauryans in north India |
-186 NE Li |
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- |
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-185 |
ROME: Carthaginian Hannibal's attacks on Rome, ending -182; Rome spreads north to Alps |
-185 PL Aq |
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- |
|||
-184 |
INDIA: Bactrian Greeks invade Gandhara & Punjab (diffusing Greek culture in India & Buddhism) |
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- |
|||
-183 |
-183 UR Aq |
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- |
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-182 |
* S AMERICA: flourishing of Nazca culture in coastal Peru (making of Nazca Lines, -200 to +600) |
-182 UR CONJ PL Aq Aq |
|
- |
* N AMERICA: rise of Basketmaker (pre-Hopi) culture in SW deserts of N America |
-182 Sa OPPN NE Ar Li |
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-181 |
-181 Sa OPPN NE Ar Li |
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- |
|||
-180 |
INDIA: peak of Greek Bactria (Afghanistan & India) |
-180 UR +tri NE Aq Li |
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- |
|||
-179 |
-179 UR + tri NE Aq Li |
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- |
|||
-178 |
-178 UR +tri NE Aq Li |
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- |
|||
-177 |
-177 UR +tri NE Aq Li – |
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- |
|||
-176 |
-176 UR +tri NE Aq Li |
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- |
|||
-175 |
-175 UR Pi |
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- |
|||
-174 |
-174 NE Sc |
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- |
|||
-173 |
-173 Sa OPPN PL Le Aq |
-173 NE Sc |
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- |
|||
-172 |
-172 Sa OPPN PL Le Aq |
-172 NE Sc |
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- |
-171 UR +sqt NE Pi Sc |
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-171 |
GREECE: Antigonid Greeks fall to Romans (171-68) (persecution, partition, vassalage) |
-171 UR +ssx PL Pi Aq |
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- |
-170 Sa OPPN UR Vi Pi |
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-170 |
INDIA: Bactrian Greek principalities founded in Punjab (adopting Buddhism) |
-170 UR +sqt NE Pi Sc |
|
- |
E ASIA: Hsiung Nu defeat the Yueh-Chi, to dominate Mongolia (driving Yueh-Chi westwards) |
-170 UR +ssx PL Pi Aq |
|
-169 |
* ROME: BEGINNING OF ROMAN WORLD DOMINATION (on fall of Macedon) |
-169 Sa OPPN UR Vi Pi |
|
- |
PERSIA: beginning of Parthian invasion of Seleucid kingdom (Persia-Syria, complete -141) |
-169 UR +sqt NE Pi Sc |
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-168 |
MIDEAST: revolt of the Hasmoneans (Maccabees; Seleucids give more autonomy to Palestine Jews) |
-168 UR +sqt NE Pi Sc |
-168 UR Ar |
- |
C ASIA: Iranians lose control of C Asia as a result of Hsiung-Nu conquest of Yueh-Chih |
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-167 |
-167 UR Ar |
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- |
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-166 |
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- |
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-165 |
* ASIA: Kushan tribe of the Yueh-Chi horde settle in Bukhara (Oxus), starting Kushan empire |
-165 UR +ssq PL Ar Aq |
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- |
-165 Sa CONJ NE Sc Sc |
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-164 |
? MIDEAST: writing of Book of Daniel in Palestine; Jews gain religious freedom under Seleucids |
-164 UR +qcx NE Ar Sc |
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- |
-164 HALLEY'S COMET |
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-163 |
-163 UR +qcx NE Ar Sc |
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- |
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-162 |
-161 UR +qcx NE Ar Sc |
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- |
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-161 |
-161 UR +qcx NE Ar Sc |
-161 PL Pi |
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- |
-161 UR Ta |
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-160 |
-160 UR +qcx NE Ar Sc |
-160 PL Pi |
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- |
-160 UR Ta |
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-159 |
INNOVN: first water clock comes into use, in Rome |
-159 NE -SQR PL Sg Pi |
-159 NE Sg |
- |
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-158 |
-158 NE -SQR PL Sg Pi |
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- |
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-157 |
* C AMERICA: El Mirador, S Yucatan, becomes chief Mayan city-state (-150 to +150) |
-157 NE -SQR PL Sg Pi |
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- |
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-156 |
-156 NE -SQR PL Sg Pi |
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- |
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-155 |
-155 NE -SQR PL Sg Pi |
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- |
-154 Sa CONJ PL Pi Pi |
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-154 |
-154 UR Ge |
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- |
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-153 |
-153 UR Ge |
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- |
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-152 |
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- |
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-151 |
-151 UR +SQR PL Ge Pi |
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- |
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-150 |
* INDIA: Patanjali writes his Great Commentary & Sutras |
-150 UR +SQR PL Ge Pi |
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- |
-150 UR OPPN NE Ge Sg |
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-149 |
MED'N: third Punic War (Corinth & Carthage destroyed) |
-149 UR OPPN NE Ge Sg |
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- |
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-148 |
PERSIA: Parthians dominate Persia |
-148 UR OPPN NE Ge Sg |
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- |
-147 UR OPPN NE Ge Sg |
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-147 |
-147 Sa OPPN NE Ge Sg |
-147 UR Cn |
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- |
-147 Sa CONJ UR Cn Cn |
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-146 |
MED'N: Rome annexes Macedon, Greece and Carthage (ending independence & old era) |
-146 Sa CONJ UR Ge Ge |
-146 UR Cn |
- |
-146 UR OPPN NE Ge Sg |
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-145 |
MED'N: organisation of 7 Roman provinces – Macedon, Africa, Gaul, two Spains, Sicily, Corsica-Sardinia |
-146 Sa OPPN NE Ge Sg |
-145 NE Cp |
- |
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-144 |
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- |
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-143 |
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- |
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-142 |
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- |
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-141 |
* IDEAS: Hipparchus of Nicaea (190-120), astronomer (star catalog & precession of equinoxes) |
-141 Sa OPPN PL Vi Pi |
-141 UR Le |
- |
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-140 |
CHINA: HAN WU TI, Han Emperor (140-87) ('Martial Emperor'; expansion of Chinese influence) |
-140 Sa OPPN PL Vi Pi |
-140 UR Le |
- |
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-139 |
PERSIA: PARTHIANS (Mithriades I) ESTABLISH CONTROL OVER IRAN & MESOPOTAMIA |
-139 UR +sqt PL Le Pi |
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- |
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-138 |
ASIA: Chiang Chien explores central Asia for Han China |
-138 UR +sqt PL Le Pi |
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- |
ASIA: fall of Greek Bactria (Afghanistan/N India) to Scythian Sakas and Yueh-Chi |
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-137 |
-137 UR +sqt PL Le Pi |
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- |
-137 UR -qcx NE Le Cp |
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-136 |
CHINA: formal introduction of Confucian education in Five Classics for mandarin administrators |
-136 UR -qcx NE Le Cp |
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- |
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-135 |
-135 UR +qcx PL Le Pi |
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- |
-135 UR -qcx NE Le Cp |
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-134 |
-134 UR +qcx PL Le Pi |
-134 UR Vi |
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- |
-134 UR -qcx NE Le Cp |
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-133 |
MIDEAST: Attalos III of Pergamum bequeaths his kingdom to Rome (to be part of Asia province) |
-133 UR +qcx PL Vi Ar |
-133 UR Vi |
- |
-133 PL Ar |
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-132 |
ROME: reform movement (132-22) in Rome (led by Tiberias & Gaius Gracchus) |
-132 PL Ar |
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- |
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-131 |
-131 NE -sxt PL Cp Pi |
-131 NE Aq |
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- |
-131 UR -sqt NE Vi Cp |
-131 PL Ar |
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-130 |
ASIA: Scythians (Yueh-Ch'i) clash with Hsiung-Nu (then to move Siberia to Afghanistan & India) |
-130 NE -sxt PL Aq Ar |
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- |
-130 UR -sqt NE Vi Aq |
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-129 |
* CHINA: compilation of early & Taoist philosophy under Liu Teh of Ho-chien |
-129 UR -sqt NE Vi Aq |
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- |
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-128 |
PERSIA: Parthians push declining Seleucids west into Syria (permanently) |
-128 UR -sqt NE Vi Aq |
-128 UR Li |
- |
PERSIA: Scythians (Yueh-Chi) occupy Parthia (128-124) |
-128 Sa CONJ NE Aq Aq |
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-127 |
-127 UR OPPN PL Li Ar |
-127 UR Li |
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- |
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-126 |
-126 UR OPPN PL Li Ar |
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- |
|||
-125 |
-125 UR OPPN PL Li Ar |
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- |
-125 UR -tri NE Li Aq |
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-124 |
PERSIA: revival of Parthia under Mithridates II the Great, K of Parthia (124- 88BCE) |
-124 UR -tri NE Li Aq |
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- |
CHINA: creation of a Grand College for training officials in Confucian style |
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-123 |
N AFRICA: rebuilding of Carthage as Roman trading & admin centre |
-123 UR -tri NE Li Aq |
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- |
-123 Sa CONJ PL Ar Ar |
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-122 |
ROME: Gracchus' reform movement undermined by vested interests in Rome |
-122 UR -tri NE Li Aq |
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- |
-122 Sa OPPN UR Ar Li |
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-121 |
CHINA: Hsiung-Nu driven out of China by General Ho Chu-Ping |
-121 Sa OPPN UR Ar Li |
-121 UR Sc |
- |
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-120 |
JAPAN: Yamato kingdom grows under Jimu Teno (developing Japanese identity) |
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- |
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-119 |
CHINA: debasement of currency, sale of posts & pardons by government (to raise funds) |
-119 NE -ssq PL Aq Ar |
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- |
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-118 |
-118 UR -qcx PL Sc Ar |
-118 NE Pi |
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- |
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-117 |
-117 UR -qcx PL Sc Ar |
-117 NE Pi |
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- |
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-116 |
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- |
|||
-115 |
ASIA: China imposes domination on E Turkestan (Tarim Basin) to control Silk Roads |
-115 PL Aphn 16Ar |
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- |
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-114 |
-114 UR -sqt PL Sg Ar |
-114 UR Sg |
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- |
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-113 |
ROME: panic as Cimbri & Teutons beat Romans in Germany (beaten by -101) |
-113 UR -sqt PL Sg Ar |
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- |
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-112 |
* ASIA: SILK ROAD SECURELY OPEN, linking China with Mediterranean (secure empires) |
-112 Sa OPPN NE Vi Pi |
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- |
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-111 |
CHINA: subjugation of Yueh completes formation of Han China 'proper'; overseas travel to India |
-111 UR -SQR NE Sg Pi |
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- |
S AMERICA: development of the institutionalised state of Moche, (-200 to +700), coastal Peru |
-111 Sa OPPN NE Vi Pi |
|
-110 |
* MIDEAST: rise of the Pharisees & Sadducees in Palestine |
-110 UR -SQR NE Sg Pi |
|
- |
CHINA: Wu Ti inaugurates Sacrifice to Heaven (divine right) as sacred obligation of emperor |
||
-109 |
SE ASIA: annexation of state of Tonkin (N Vietnam) by China (109BCE-900CE) |
-109 UR -SQR NE Sg Pi |
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- |
-109 UR -tri PL Sg Ar |
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-108 |
-108 UR -SQR NE Sg Pi |
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- |
-1078UR -tri PL Sg Ar |
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-107 |
* GERMANY: Teuton tribes (Alemanni & Franks) occupy south Germany (originally from Scandinavia) |
-108 Sa OPPN PL Li Ar |
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- |
-107 NE -ssx PL Pi Ar |
-107 UR Cp |
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-106 |
ROME: thorough reform of Roman army |
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- |
|||
-105 |
INNOVN: first College of Technology founded at Alexandria by Heron the Mathematician |
-105 NE Ar |
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- |
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-104 |
-104 NE Ar |
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- |
|||
-103 |
* N AMERICA: rise of Hopewell culture (replacing Adena culture) in Ohio |
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- |
|||
-102 |
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- |
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-101 |
-100 PL Ta |
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- |
|||
-100 |
* CHINA: Han fiefdoms brought under strong central control under Emperor Wu Ti |
-100 PL Ta |
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- |
|||
99 |
ASIA: Chinese vessels reach Bengal |
-99 UR -SQR PL Aq Ta |
-99 PL Ta |
- |
-99 Sa CONJ UR Aq Aq |
-99 UR Aq |
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98 |
|||
- |
|||
97 |
|||
- |
|||
96 |
|||
- |
|||
95 |
|||
- |
|||
94 |
MIDEAST: rise of Tigranes I, King of Armenia (83-69) (becomes most powerful king in Asia) |
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- |
|||
93 |
-93 UR -sxt NE Aq Ar |
||
- |
|||
92 |
-92 UR -sxt NE Aq Ar |
-92 UR Pi |
|
- |
-91 Sa CONJ NE Ar Ar |
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91 |
ROME: dissension leads to civil war in Italy between supporters of Marius & Sulla |
-91 Sa CONJ PL Ta Ta |
-91 UR Pi |
- |
-91 NE Ta |
||
90 |
* INDIA: the Deccan dominated by Andhra dynasty (90BCE-225CE) |
-90 NE Ta |
|
- |
|||
89 |
ROME: all free inhabitants of Italy receive Roman citizenship (Sulla in ascendancy) |
-89 UR -sxt PL Pi Ta |
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- |
|||
88 |
ROME: agitation by Plebeians against Roman Senate – order restored by Sulla; uprisings in Athens |
-88 UR -sxt PL Pi Ta |
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- |
|||
87 |
-87 HALLEY'S COMET |
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- |
|||
86 |
CHINA: Chao Ti, Han Emperor (86-73) repeals corrupt fundraising practices by Han Dynasty |
||
- |
|||
85 |
|||
- |
-84 NE CONJ PL Ta Ta |
||
84 |
ROME: civil war in Rome |
-84 UR -ssq NE Pi Ta |
-84 UR Ar |
- |
-84 UR -ssq PL Ar Ta |
||
-83 |
MIDEAST: collapse of Parthia as a viable strong nation |
-83 NE CONJ PL Ta Ta |
|
- |
BRITAIN: coinage first introduced in Britain (by Belgae) |
-83 UR -ssq NE Ar Ta |
|
-82 |
ROME: Sulla elected dictator, forces order on Rome & empire; fundamental legal reforms |
-83 UR -ssq PL Ar Ta |
Next: Empire Period: waxing hemicycleThe Historical Ephemeris    |