The Historical Ephemeris

Astro-historical timelines 4:
EMPIRE PERIOD

NEPTUNE-PLUTO CYCLE 2:
83 BCE – 412 CE

Part two: waning hemicycle  163 – 412 CE

© COPYRIGHT 1989/99 Palden Jenkins

+163

163 NE OPPN PL Sc Ta

+

+164

ROME: Smallpox epidemic ravages Rome, spreads through Empire (164-80) (caught through Parthians)

164 NE OPPN PL Sc Ta

+

+165

EUROPE: major population reductions as result of epidemics, with resulting economic decline

165 NE OPPN PL Sc Ta

+

165 UR +tri NE Pi Sc

+166

CHINA: traders from Rome reach Tonkin (S China) by sea

166 NE OPPN PL Sc Ta

+

S AMERICA: zenith of influential Mochica metalworking period (Peru)

166 UR +tri NE Pi Sc

+167

GERMANY: Marcomanni war against German tribes moving over Danube, to 175

166 UR -sxt PL Pi Ta

+

167 NE OPPN PL Sc Ta

+168

167 UR +tri NE Pi Sc

168 UR Ar

+

167 UR -sxt PL Pi Ta

+169

168 UR +tri NE Pi Sc

169 UR Ar

+

169 UR +tri NE Pi Sc

169 NE Sg

+170

170 NE Sg

+

+171

171 UR -ssq PL Ar Ta

+

+172

MED'N: first Council of Bishops rejects Gnostic Christian teachings & Gnostic adherents

172 UR -ssq PL Ar Ta

+

+173

173 Sa CONJ UR Ar Ar

+

173 UR +sqt NE Ar Sg

+174

174 UR +sqt NE Ar Sg

174 PL Ge

+

+175

175 UR +sqt NE Ar Sg

175 PL Ge

+

175 UR Ta

+176

176 Sa CONJ PL Ge Ge

176 PL Ge

+

176 UR +sqt NE Ta Sg

176 UR Ta

+177

ROME: persecution of Christians (seen as disloyal troublemakers)

177 Sa OPPN NE Ge Sg

+

177 UR +sqt NE Ta Sg

+178

GERMANY: more stirrings in Germany by Marcomanni against Rome

178 Sa OPPN NE Ge Sg

+

+179

+

+180

BRITAIN: Scots defeat Romans, Romans retreat south of Hadrian's Wall

+

ROME: Emperor Commodus (180-192) (who considered himself a reincarnation of Hercules & Mithras)

+181

* ROME: beginning of unstable period and succession difficulties (180-93)

+

+182

ROME: conspiracy against Emp Commodus, failed (Commodus becomes more arbitrary & despotic)

182 UR Ge

+

+183

183 NE Cp

+

183 UR Ge

+184

CHINA: religious uprising of "Yellow Turbans", suppressed by regional warlords, gaining power

+

+185

185 UR CONJ PL Ge Ge

+

+186

ITALY: "Brigand Wars", outbreak of corruption and robbery in Italy

186 UR CONJ PL Ge Ge

+

+187

BRITAIN: widespread uprisings against Romans

+

N AFRICA: uprising in province of Africa (Tunisia) against Romans

+188

CHINA: ongoing insurgency, Loyang sacked (revolts against power of court eunuchs, Han decline)

+

+189

CHINA: massacre of court eunuchs by Yuan Shao (power now in hands of warlords)

189 UR Cn

+

MED'N: plague throughout Roman Empire

+190

* IDEAS: Galen of Pergamon (130-200) herbalist & physician, at peak of work in Alexandria

190 UR Cn

+

CHINA: Han Emp Hsien (190-220), puppet emperor (insecurity & regional warlords prevail)

+191

+

+192

SE ASIA: foundation of Champa kingdom (S Vietnam)

192 Sa OPPN PL Sg Ge

+

+193

ROME: Civil war in empire; emperor Commodus murdered 192; Severus emperor to 211

193 Sa OPPN PL Sg Ge

+

+194

BRITAIN: Albinus declares himself Roman emperor, killed at Lyons 197; British rebellious

194 UR OPPN NE Cn Cp

+

* N AFRICA: Carthage increasing in importance as a major city in Roman Empire

+195

* ROME: disturbance & regionalisation in Empire (loss of Roman control); Severus emp (195-211)

195 UR OPPN NE Cn Cp

+

* CHINA: rise of popular religious Taoism (longevity, pantheon, the Immortals; insecure times)

+196

196 UR OPPN NE Cn Cp

196 UR Le

+

196 Sa OPPN UR Cp Cn

+197

MIDEAST: Rome at last gains Mesopotamia securely

196 Sa CONJ NE Cp Cp

197 NE Aq

+

197 UR OPPN NE Le Aq

+198

197 Sa OPPN UR Aq Le

+

198 UR +ssq PL Le Ge

+199

ROME: ROMAN UNIVERSAL STATE: Severus ends prerogatives of Rome & Italy in Roman empire

199 UR +ssq PL Le Ge

+

ROME: abolition of tax-farming in Roman empire (by Severus); Roman imperial road system completed

+200

MIDEAST: Afghanistan invaded by Hsiung-Nu (Huns) (occupied 200-540)

200 PL Cn

+

* ROME: Neo-Platonist period, last of the Greek philosophies

+

* ROME: Bishop of Rome becomes dominant as Christian Pope

+201

* C AMERICA: ZENITH OF MONTE ALBAN ZAPOTEC CULTURE, Oaxaca valley, Mexico

201 PL Cn

+202

* S AMERICA: ZENITH OF MOCHE STATE (200-400), coastal Peru

202 PL Cn

+

202 UR Vi

+203

203 UR Vi

+

+204

+

+205

BRITAIN: troubles in Britain (205-11): pressures from Scots and various regions

+

+206

206 NE -sqt PL Aq Cn

+

+207

207 NE -sqt PL Aq Cn

+

+208

BRITAIN: Severus campaigns in Britain to restore order, dies York 211; Hadrian's Wall rebuilt

208 Sa CONJ PL Cn Cn

208 UR Li

+

208 NE -sqt PL Aq Cn

+209

* C AMERICA: collapse of Southern Maya city-states after eruption of Mt Ilopango

209 NE -sqt PL Aq Cn

209 UR Li

+

+210

210 NE -sqt PL Aq Cn

210 NE Pi

+

+211

BRITAIN: Septimus Severus dies at York while visiting Britain

211 NE -sqt PL Aq Cn

211 NE Pi

+

ROME: Caracalla Emperor (211-17)

+212

ROME: Caracalla grants Roman citizenship to all free subjects of empire ('Civis Romanus sum')

212 UR +SQR PL Li Cn

+

and reduction of distinctions between Rome and its provinces

212 UR -sqt NE Li Pi

+213

ROME: debasement of currency and spiralling of inflation

213 UR +SQR PL Li Cn

+

213 Sa OPPN NE Vi Pi

+214

E EUROPE: Eastern Teutons (Goths, Burgundians, Gepids) settle by Black Sea

213 UR -sqt NE Li Pi

+

214 UR -sqt NE Li Pi

+215

215 UR -sqt NE Li Pi

215 UR Sc

+

+216

216 UR Sc

+

+217

ROME: Bishop Clixtus I (217-22) stresses exceptional status of Rome (rise of Papacy)

+

+218

ROME: introduction of Syrian cult of Baal in Rome under Elagabalus (218-22, Syrian)

218 Sa CONJ UR Sc Sc

+

218 HALLEY'S COMET

+219

219 UR -tri NE Sc Pi

+

219 Sa CONJ UR Sc Sc

+220

CHINA: end of Later Han through abdication: China splits into three states until 589

220 UR -tri NE Sc Pi

220 PL Le

+

ROME: Goths invade Asia Minor and Balkans

+221

CHINA: PERIOD OF THE THREE KINGDOMS (220-265): Wei (Loyang), Wu (Nanking) & Shu (Chengtu)

221 UR -tri NE Sc Pi

221 PL Le

+

W CHINA: rapid development of Szechwan (Sichuan) under Shu-Han minister Chuko Liang (221-234)

+222

ROME: Emperor Alexander Severus (222-235) (economic debasement & overcontrol)

222 UR -tri NE Sc Pi

222 UR Sg

+

CHINA: T'sao P'ei, Wei Emperor (excludes empresses & their families from exercise of regency)

+223

223 UR +tri PL Sg Le

+

+224

PERSIA: Papakan of Persia revolts against Parthians, founds Sassanid dynasty 226

224 UR +tri PL Sg Le

224 NE Ar

+

+225

INDIA: End of Andhra dynasty in Deccan; breakup of S India into smaller kingdoms

225 NE Ar

+

+226

226 Sa OPPN PL Aq Le

+

+227

PERSIA: ARDASHIR I FOUNDS SASANID EMPIRE (revives Zoroastranism, replaces Parthian

227 Sa OPPN PL Aq Le

+

feudalism with centrally administrated provinces ruled from the south)

+228

+

+229

229 UR +sqt PL Sg Le

229 UR Cp

+

+230

JAPAN: Sujin, 10th Emp of Japan (230-42) (Japanese records become historically accurate)

230 UR +sqt PL Cp Le

+

+231

ROME: Parthians and Marcomanni (Germans) compromise Roman peace, weakening empire

231 UR +sqt PL Cp Le

+

+232

232 Sa CONJ NE Ar Ar

+

+233

+

+234

+

+235

ROME: end of civilian government in Rome (since BC 27); 'Soldier Emperors' to 305

235 UR -SQR NE Cp Ar

235 PL Vi

+

* PERSIA: Ardashir Papakan subdues Kushan empire, gaining Bokhara & Afghanistan for Sasanids

+236

* EUROPE/MIDEAST: "CRISIS OF THE ANCIENT WORLD" begins as Roman order comes under attack

236 UR -SQR NE Cp Ar

236 PL Vi

+

+237

* MIDEAST: Persian incursions into Roman Mesopotamian territories, later repulsed

237 UR -SQR NE Aq Ta

237 UR Aq

+

237 NE Ta

+238

ROME: Gothic incursions into Roman empire begin

238 NE Ta

+

+239

+

+240

CHINA: the Three Classics are cut in stone (traditionalist Wei dynasty at Loyang)

240 Sa OPPN UR Le Aq

+

+241

241 Sa OPPN UR Le Aq

+

+242

+

+243

243 Sa CONJ PL Vi Vi

+

+244

PERSIA: accession of Sasanid Shapur I (241-72) on death of Ardashir; repels Roman invasion

244 UR Pi

+

+245

245 UR Pi

+

+246

+

+247

247 PL Li

+

+248

ROME: City celebrates 1000 years anniversary (under Julius Philippus, son of an Arabian sheik)

248 PL Li

+

+249

ROME: Decius (249-51) attempts to revitalise Rome and its own traditional religion

249 Sa OPPN NE Sc Ta

+

+250

* ROME: major persecution and martyrdom of Christians by Decius

+

EUROPE: bubonic plague spreads throughout Europe (250-65) (originating in Ethiopia)

+251

251 NE Ge

+

+252

* PERSIA: spread of apocalyptic, gnostic teachings of Mani (217-277), under tolerance from Shapur

252 NE Ge

+

252 UR Ar

+253

* ROME: weakening at borders of empire under Valerian, Emp (253-260) (Germany, Gaul & Persia)

253 UR -sxt NE Ar Ge

253 UR Ar

+

+254

254 UR -sxt NE Ar Ge

+

+255

+

+256

256 UR OPPN PL Ar Li

+

+257

E EUROPE: Goths invade Black Sea area of south Russia

257 UR OPPN PL Ar Li

+

IBERIA: Franks invade Spain; Allemani & Suevi invade N Italy, but are beaten back

+258

* ROME: economic crisis and inflation throughout Roman empire

258 UR OPPN PL Ar Li

+

+259

MIDEAST: after several battles (224, 253) Persian Shapur defeats Romans, captures Emp Valerian

259 UR OPPN PL Ar Li

259 UR Ta

+

ROME: emperor Galienus relaxes pressures on Christians (Church becomes incorporated in Empire)

259 PL Sc

+260

W EUROPE: empire of Gaul set up (France, Belgium, Britain) by romanised provincials, to 274

260 UR OPPN PL Ta Sc

260 UR Ta

+

* MIDEAST: rise of desert trading kingdom of Palmyra (Iraq)

260 PL Sc

+261

* ASIA: Chinese Buddhists begin pilgrimages to India (Bodhidharma)

261 UR OPPN PL Ta Sc

+

261 UR -ssq NE Ta Ge

+262

262 UR OPPN PL Ta Sc

+

262 Sa OPPN PL Ta Sc

+263

262 UR -ssq NE Ta Ge

+

263 UR -ssq NE Ta Ge

+264

263 Sa CONJ UR Ta Ta

264 NE Cn

+

263 Sa OPPN PL Ta Sc

+265

CHINA: Western Chin dynasty (265-317) nominally reunites & stabilises China (overthrowing Wei)

265 NE -sqt PL Ge Sc

265 NE Cn

+

+266

266 NE -sqt PL Cn Sc

266 UR Ge

+

+267

267 Sa CONJ NE Cn Cn

267 UR Ge

+

267 NE -sqt PL Cn Sc

+268

* ROME: line of strong emperors (268-84) (Aurelian, Marcus Aurelius) restores order to empire

268 NE -sqt PL Cn Sc

+

GREECE: Goths attack Athens, Sparta & Corinth

+269

269 NE -sqt PL Cn Sc

+

+270

ROME: restoration of imperial unity under Aurelian (270-275); revival of Roman unity and control

270 NE -sqt PL Cn Scl

+

* EUROPE: fortification of Roman towns (against barbarians & tax revolts); Dacia (Hungary) abandoned

+271

271 NE -sqt PL Cn Sc

+

+272

N AFRICA: Coptic St Anthony founds Christian monastic tradition in Egyptian desert

272 NE -sqt PL Cn Sg

272 PL Sg

+

+273

273 NE -sqt PL Cn Sg

273 UR Cn

+

+274

W EUROPE: empire of Gaul defeated by Aurelian

274 NE -sqt PL Cn Sg

274 UR Cn

+

ROME: Aurelian introduces solar cult of Emesa ('Sol Invictus'), assumes title 'Lord & God'

+275

275 NE -sqt PL Cn Sg

+

+276

PERSIA: Execution of Magian teacher Mani (to stamp out Manichaeism, good-evil philosophy)

276 NE -sqt PL Cn Sg

+

+277

277 NE -sqt PL Cn Sg

277 NE Le

+

+278

278 NE -sqt PL Cn Sg

278 NE Le

+

279 NE -sqt PL Le Sg

+279

279 UR -sqt PL Cn Sg

279 NE Le

+

280 Sa CONJ PL Sg Sg

279 UR Le

+280

CHINA: China temporarily reunified by Ch'in

280 NE -sqt PL Le Sg

280 UR Le

+

281 UR CONJ NE Le Le

+281

281 NE -sqt PL Le Sg

+

280 UR -sqt PL Le Sg

+282

281 UR -sqt PL Le Sg

+

282 UR CONJ NE Le Le

+283

282 UR -sqt PL Le Sg

+

+284

ROME: accession of Diocletian (West), and co-ruler Maximian (East) to 305; empire partitioned

+

ROME: decentralising reforms by Diocletian (284-305), to ease burdens on provinces & admin

+285

BRITAIN: Carausius (a Roman commander) proclaims himself independent emperor of Britain

285 UR -tri PL Le Sg

+

+286

286 UR -tri PL Le Sg

286 UR Vi

+

286 Sa OPPN NE Aq Le

+287

287 UR -tri PL Vi Cp

287 PL Cp

+

287 Sa OPPN UR Pi Vi

287 UR Vi

+288

288 Sa OPPN UR Pi Vi

+

+289

+

+290

* ROME: Roman army reorganised and enlarged; growing rule by central decree under Diocletian

+

+291

CHINA: North China fragments – 'Rebellion of the Eight Princes'

291 NE Vi

+

+292

292 NE Vi

+

292 UR Li

+293

293 UR Li

+

+294

+

+295

MIDEAST: Armenia becomes first state to adopt Christianity as its official religion

295 UR -SQR PL Li Cp

+

295 HALLEY'S COMET

+296

296 UR -SQR PL Li Cp

+

+297

ROME: Diocletian reorganises Roman empire into 12 dioceses, empire becomes hereditary monarchy

297 UR -SQR PL Li Cp

+

MIDEAST: Romans drive Persians out of Armenia & Iraq

297 Sa OPPN PL Cn Cp

+298

+

+299

299 UR +ssq NE Sc Vi

299 UR Sc

+

+300

* BRITAIN: peak of building of towns, roads, villas and works by Romano-British (300-350)

300 UR +ssq NE Sc Vi

+

* AMERICAS: MESOAMERICAN EARLY CLASSICAL PERIOD, THE MAYAN ERA (300-900, Yucatan)

+301

ROME: price controls against inflation, uprisings suppressed, borders secured

+

+302

* INDIA: Pallava (Persian origin) warrior dynasty (c300-888), capital Kanchi (nr Madras)

302 NE -tri PL Vi Cp

+

302 Sa CONJ NE Vi Vi

+303

ROME: last persecution of Christians (303-11)

303 NE -tri PL Vi Cp

+

* PACIFIC OCEAN: Polynesians settle Rapa Nui (Easter Island)

+304

CHINA: breakup of N China into Sixteen Kingdoms (Chinese, Hsiung-Nu, Mongol, Turkic, Tibetan)

304 NE -tri PL Vi Cp

+

* CHINA: est of Taoism as a popular religion by Ko Hung

+305

* CHINA: Hsiung-Nu settle Shensi & Shansi (forming base for future N Chinese domination)

305 NE -tri PL Vi Cp

305 PL Aq

+

BRITAIN: death of St Alban (first British christian martyr)

305 UR -sxt PL Sc Cp

305 NE Li

+306

ROME: abdication of Diocletian & Maximian, followed by dynastic difficulties

306 UR -sxt PL Sg Aq

306 UR Sg

+

BRITAIN: Constantinus I (Constantine) proclaimed emperor of Rome by his troops

306 NE -tri PL Li Aq

306 PL Aq

+307

* SE ASIA: beginning of introduction of Buddhism to SE Asia, from India (c300-400)

306 UR +sxt NE Sg Li

306 NE Li

+

307 NE -tri PL Li Aq

+308

* ROME: oppressive rule in Rome under Maxentius

307 UR -sxt PL Sg Aq

+

307 UR +sxt NE Sg Li

+309

PERSIA: Shapur II (309-37) becomes Sasanid emperor at birth

308 NE -tri PL Li Aq

+

+310

PERSIA: Persia invaded by Arabs of Bahrein; capital at Ctesiphon sacked

310 Sa CONJ UR Sg Sg

+

+311

CHINA: Hsiung Nu sack Loyang, one of China's two capitals

311 UR -ssq PL Sg Aq

+

+312

ITALY: Constantinus I invades Italy from France; begins to favour Christianity

312 UR -ssq PL Sg Aq

+

+313

ROME: Edict of Milan establishes toleration of Christianity & other religions in West Empire

313 UR Cp

+

BYZANTIUM: Licinius holds Eastern Roman Empire

+314

FRANCE: Council of Arles recognises primacy of Rome in Christian church

+

+315

315 Sa CONJ PL Aq Aq

+

+316

CHINA: Hsiung Nu sack Chang-An (China's main capital), dominating China by threat (317-589)

+

+317

CHINA: NORTHERN & SOUTHERN DYNASTIES divide China (317-589) (retarding cultural progress)

+

CHINA: Eastern Chin Dynasty (317-420) rules from Nanking

+318

+

+319

319 NE Sc

+320

C AMERICA: earliest dated plaque displaying Mayan calendrical system (Guatemala)

+

INDIA: CHANDRAGUPTA (320-30) founds Vedic GUPTA EMPIRE (uniting N India after 500 yrs division)

320 NE Sc

+

ROME: Constantinus I visibly supports Christian Church (much church building, promotion of Christians)

+321

ROME: city of Rome ceases to be capital of Empire (capital moves around N Italy with emperor)

321 UR +SQR NE Aq Sc

321 UR Aq

+

321 Sa OPPN NE Ta Sc

+322

322 UR +SQR NE Aq Sc

+

322 Sa OPPN NE Ta Sc

+323

ROME: Constantinus (Western emperor) defeats Licinius (Eastern emperor) at Adrianople & Chrysopolis

323 UR +SQR NE Aq Sc

+

* JAPAN: expansion of Imperial power: Prince Yamatodake subjugates Kumaso & Ainu peoples

+324

ROME: Constantinus the Great becomes sole ruler of reunited Roman empire (324-337) (absolute state)

324 UR +SQR NE Aq Sc

+

+325

MIDEAST: Council of Nicaea (first ecumenical bishops' council) banishes Arius' teachings (Arianism)

+

+326

+

+327

* INDIA: Buddhist Vasubandhu sets out classic Theravada philosophy

+

+328

* N AMERICA: dawn of HOHOKAM (300-1450), ANASAZI & MOGOLLON (200-1100) Cultures, Arizona

328 UR CONJ PL Aq Aq

328 UR Pi

+

328 PL Pi

+329

329 Sa OPPN PL Le Aq

329 UR Pi

+

329 PL Pi

+330

ROME: Constantinus moves Roman empire capital to newly-built Constantinople (founding Byzantium)

330 Sa OPPN UR Vi Pi

330 PL Pi

+

INDIA: Samudragupta (330-375) consolidates Gupta empire (patron of poetry & music)

330 Sa OPPN PL Vi Pi

+331

331 Sa OPPN UR Vi Pi

+

+332

+

+333

333 NE Sg

+

+334

* BRITAIN: Romanised Britain leading W Europe in artisanry & industry (prosperity & security)

+

+335

+

+336

336 NE -SQR PL Sg Pi

336 UR Ar

+

+337

ROME: death of Constaninus the Great ('founder of Christian Europe' and Byzantium)

337 NE -SQR PL Sg Pi

+

337 UR +tri NE Ar Sg

+338

BRITAIN: famine in England kills 40,000

338 NE -SQR PL Sg Pi

+

338 UR +tri NE Ar Sg

+339

PERSIA: persecution of Christians in Sasanid Persia (339-409, est of Zoroastran state religion)

339 NE -SQR PL Sg Pi

+

339 UR +tri NE Ar Sg

+340

ROME: empire divided in two -- Constans (West) and Constantius II (East)

339 Sa CONJ NE Sg Sg

+

ITALY: Athanasius introduces retreat-monasticism to Europe (from Near East)

340 NE -SQR PL Sg Pi

+341

340 UR +tri NE Ar Sg

+

341 UR +tri NE Ar Sg

+342

+

+343

343 UR +ssq PL Ta Pi

343 UR Ta

+

+344

344 UR +ssq PL Ta Pi

344 UR Ta

+

+345

* N AFRICA: Egyptian Coptic Christians found missions in Ethiopia

345 UR +sqt NE Ta Sg

+

+346

346 UR +sqt NE Ta Sg

+

+347

347 Sa CONJ PL Pi Pi

347 NE Cp

+

347 UR +sqt NE Ta Cp

+348

348 Sa CONJ PL Pi Pi

+

348 UR +sqt NE Ta Cp

+349

+

+350

MIDEAST: Persians regain Armenia from East Roman empire

350 UR Ge

+

* BRITAIN: piratic raids of Picts and Irish (Scoti) on Roman Britain

+351

MIDEAST: C Asian Hsiung Nu (Huna) harry Persia

351 UR Ge

+

+352

* AFRICA: Coptic Christianity established in Ethiopia

+

+353

353 Sa CONJ UR Ge Ge

+

+354

354 Sa CONJ UR Ge Ge

+

+355

? W EUROPE: mission of Ulfilas to the Goths (first major Christian mission beyond Roman empire)

+

+356

356 Sa OPPN NE Cn Cp

356 PL Ar

+

+357

* E AFRICA: overthrow of Meroe by expanding Axum (Ethiopia)

357 UR +SQR PL Cn Ar

357 PL Ar

+

357 Sa OPPN NE Cn Cp

357 UR Cn

+358

358 UR +SQR PL Cn Ar

358 PL Ar

+

358 UR Cn

+359

+

+360

BRITAIN: Picts & Scots break into England, beaten back 370 by Theodosius

+

E ASIA: Japan conquers Korea (for approx 100 yrs; Japan makes contact with Chinese culture)

+361

* W EUROPE: Franks settled in Belgium by Romans as barbarian confederate troops

361 NE Aq

+

ROME: Julian the Apostate (361-3) attempts to reinstate paganism in the Roman Empire

+362

362 Sa OPPN PL Li Ar

+

+363

363 UR Le

+

+364

364 NE -sxt PL Aq Ar

364 UR Le

+

+365

N AFRICA: Alexandria destroyed by earthquake, 50,000 killed, Pharos lighthouse destroyed

365 NE -sxt PL Aq Ar

+

365 UR OPPN NE Le Aq

+366

* INDIA: writing of Brahma Sutra (first clear expounding of Vedantas, from Upanishad tradition)

365 UR +tri PL Le Ar

+

366 UR OPPN NE Le Aq

+367

MED'N: finalisation of the composition of the Christian Bible (inclusion of Book of Revelation)

366 UR +tri PL Le Ar

+

BRITAIN: Roman Britain under attack from Picts, Scots, Saxons and Franks

367 UR OPPN NE Le Aq

+368

C ASIA: first Buddhist mission in Tibet

368 UR OPPN NE Le Aq

+

+369

369 UR Vi

+

+370

EUROPE: HSIUNG NU (Hun) invasions: BEGINNING OF DECLINE INTO EURASIAN 'DARK AGES'

370 UR +sqt PL Le Ar

370 UR Vi

+

+371

+

+372

E EUROPE: Hsiung Nu defeat the Alani (causing westward migration), invading Ukraine

+

+373

+

+374

374 HALLEY'S COMET

374 NE Pi

+

+375

E EUROPE: destruction of Ostrogothic kgdm in Ukraine by the Hsiung-Nu; Gothic migration westwards

375 NE Pi

+

EUROPE: BEGINNING OF MAJOR BARBARIAN MIGRATIONS (Völkerwanderung)

+376

ROME: Bishop Damascus I asserts teaching of the primacy of Rome (over Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria)

376 Sa CONJ NE Pi Pi

376 UR Li

+

C EUROPE: 80,000 Visigoths seek refuge in Roman empire (crossing Danube with nominal disarmament)

376 NE -ssq PL Pi Ar

+377

377 UR Li

+

+378

E EUROPE: Visigoths storm Balkans, killing Western Emperor Valens in Thrace

378 Sa OPPN UR Ar Li

+

+379

E EUROPE: Alaric, King of Visigoths (379-411) (initially pacific, later disappointed)

379 Sa OPPN UR Ar Li

+

379 Sa CONJ PL Ar Ar

+380

380 Sa CONJ PL Ar Ar

+

+381

ROME: Christian ecumenical Council of Constantinople

381 UR OPPN PL Li Ar

+

* S AMERICA: EXPANSION & CLASSICAL PHASE in TIAHUANACO state, upland Peru (375-700)

+382

EUROPE: Emperor Theodosius (379-395) resettles troublesomeVisigoths within Empire

382 UR OPPN PL Li Ar

382 UR Sc

+

+383

BRITAIN: Roman legions begin to evacuate Britain

383 UR -sqt NE Sc Pi

383 UR Sc

+

+384

384 UR -sqt NE Sc Pi

+

+385

385 UR -sqt NE Sc Pi

+

+386

* CHINA: Toba Tatars conquer Wei and reunify much of north China (Northern Wei dynasty, 386-534)

386 UR -sqt NE Sc Pi

+

+387

387 PL Ta

+

+388

INDIA: Chandragupta II extends Gupta territory over NW India (Punjab, Rajasthan)

388 NE Ar

+

388 PL Ta

+389

389 NE Ar

+

389 PL Ta

+390

390 UR -tri NE Sg Ar

389 UR Sg

+

390 UR Sg

+391

ROME: Christianity becomes state religion of Roman empire; heathen cults prohibited

391 UR -tri NE Sg Ar

+

391 Sa OPPN NE Li Ar

+392

ROME: Theodosius the Great (392-5) (last emperor of a united Roman Empire, Christian)

392 UR -tri NE Sg Ar

+

392 Sa OPPN NE Li Ar

+393

* PACIFIC OCEAN: Polynesians settle the Hawaiian Islands

393 UR -tri NE Sg Ar

+

+394

394 Sa OPPN PL Sc Ta

+

394 UR -sqt PL Sg Ta

+395

ROME: EMPIRE DIVIDED INTO EAST & WEST (on death of Theodosius)

395 Sa OPPN PL Sc Ta

+

395 UR -sqt PL Sg Ta

+396

E EUROPE: Alaric & Visigoths invade Greece & Balkans (396-9), Italy 401; battles with Huns

+

+397

397 UR Cp

+

+398

EUROPE: fathers of Latin Church: Jerome (340-420), Ambrose (340-97) & Augustine (354-430)

+

+399

* S AFRICA: Bantu herders & iron-workers settle southern Africa (displacing Khoisan peoples)

399 UR -tri PL Cp Ta

+

+400

? ROME: Jerome translates Bible into vulgate Latin (lingua franca of European culture)

400 UR -tri PL Cp Ta

+

* CHINA: Kumarajiva (344-413), major translator of Buddhist texts into Chinese, at work

+401

ITALY: Alaric & the Visigoths move into Italy from Balkans

401 Sa CONJ UR Cp Cp

401 NE Ta

+

ROME: Innocent I, Pope (401-17) claims custodianship of Apostolic Succession & Church

+402

402 NE Ta

+

+403

+

+404

404 UR Aq

+

+405

INDIA: Fu Hsien visits India (via C Asia) as Buddhist pilgrim (399-414) & commentator

405 UR Aq

+

+406

FRANCE: Alans, Vandals and Sueves (from Silesia) break across the Rhine and ravage France

+

FRANCE: foundation of Burgundian kingdom of Worms (settling of Germanic 'barbarians')

+407

E ASIA: Avars (Juan-Juan) found the first Mongol empire (407-553)

407 UR -SQR NE Aq Ta

+

* W AFRICA: flourishing of Jenne-Jeno, first African city (upper Niger river)

+408

ROME: Ravenna becomes capital of Empire (defensible against Visigothic threat)

408 UR -SQR NE Aq Ta

+

* INDIA: ZENITH OF GUPTA EMPIRE (Chandragupta II)

+409

IBERIA: Alans & Vandals enter south Spain, founding kgdm under Gunderic; Sueves enter central Spain

409 UR -SQR NE Aq Ta

+

PERSIA: brief tolerance for eastern Christians (Christians & Magians are rival religions in Persia)

409 UR -SQR PL Aq Ta

+410

ROME: ROME SACKED by ALARIC and the VISIGOTHS; Roman legions withdraw from outer empire

410 UR -SQR PL Aq Ta

+

FRANCE: Burgundians found Rhineland kingdom around city of Worms

410 UR -SQR NE Aq Ta

+411

ROME: Augustine's book "City of God" (written on fall of Rome)

411 NE CONJ PL Ta Ta

+

IBERIA: Sueves found a kingdom in Galicia, NW Spain (411-585)

411 Sa CONJ NE Ta Ta

+

ITALY: Alaric dies en route to Tunisia, seeking a Visigothic homeland; Ataulf leads Visigoths from Spain

411 Sa CONJ PL Ta Ta

+

C AMERICA: Tikal dominates Mayan culture (411-457) under king Stormy Sky

+412

PERSIA: terrible persecution of Nestorian Christians in Persia (stimulating migration to Asia)

412 NE CONJ PL Ta Ta

412 UR Pi

+

Next: Early Light/Dark Ages:  waxing hemicycle

The Historical Ephemeris