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The Historical Ephemeris
Astro-historical timelines 5: LIGHT/DARK AGES NEPTUNE-PLUTO CYCLE 3: 412 – 905 CE Part one: waxing hemicycle 412 – 657 © COPYRIGHT 1989/99 Palden Jenkins |
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Key:
* = a period of change or a general trend
? = an uncertain date
| +411 | ROME: Augustine's book "City of God" (written on fall of Rome) | 411 NE CONJ PL Ta Ta | |
| + | IBERIA: Sueves found a kgdm in Galicia (411-585) | 411 Sa CONJ NE Ta Ta | |
| + | ITALY: Alaric dies en route to Tunisia, to find Visigoth home; Ataulf leads Visigoths to Spain | ||
| + | 412 NW EUROPE: withdrawal of many troops and weakening of Roman administration in Britain & Gaul | 411 Sa CONJ PL Ta Ta | 412 UR Pi |
| + | * C AMERICA: building begins of TEOTIHUACAN CIVILISATION (Mexico, 400-600) | 412 NE CONJ PL Ta Ta | |
| +413 | JAPAN: Japan opens direct relations with China (adopting Chinese calligraphy & cultural ways) | ||
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| +414 | 414 NE Ge | ||
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| +415 | 415 NE Ge | ||
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| +416 | IBERIA: Visigoths conquer Vandal kingdom in Spain | ||
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| +417 | |||
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| +418 | * FRANCE: Franks & Visigoths move into parts of France | 418 PL Ge | |
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| +419 | FRANCE: Visigoths found Kingdom of Toulouse under Theodoric I (419-51) (by treaty with Romans) | 419 UR Ar | |
| + | 419 PL Ge | ||
| +420 | CHINA: Liu Sung Dynasty (420-79) succeeds Eastern Chin at Nanking | 420 UR -sxt PL Pi Ta | 420 PL Ge |
| + | CHINA: Wei dynasty of Toba kingdom predominates | 420 Sa OPPN UR Li Ar | 420 UR Ar |
| +421 | 421 UR -sxt PL Ar Ge | ||
| + | 421 Sa OPPN UR Li Ar | ||
| +422 | 422 Sa OPPN UR Li Ar | ||
| + | |||
| +423 | |||
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| +424 | PERSIA: Council of Dad-Ishu: Eastern Church declares independence of Rome & Byzantium | ||
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| +425 | 425 UR -sxt NE Ar Ge | ||
| + | 425 UR -ssq PL Ar Ge | ||
| +426 | 426 UR -sxt NE Ar Ge | ||
| + | 426 Sa OPPN PL Sg Ge | ||
| +427 | MED'N: Imperial protection of Jews ends; pogroms follow, many Jews retreat to Persia | 426 UR -ssq PL Ar Ge | 427 UR Ta |
| + | 427 UR -sxt NE Ar Ge | ||
| +428 | IBERIA: Gaiseric, king of the African Vandals (428-477) | 427 Sa OPPN PL Sg Ge | 428 UR Ta |
| + | C ASIA: Hsiung Nu (Ephthalites) invade Transoxiana & Khorasan (threatening Persia) (428-50) | 428 NE Cn | |
| +429 | BRITAIN: Picts & Scots ejected from England by Saxons, Jutes & Angles, invited by Vortigern | 429 Sa OPPN NE Cp Cn | 429 NE Cn |
| + | N AFRICA: Vandals invade Tunisia: wealthy Vandal kingdom lasts 429-533; Gaiseric takes Carthage 439 | ||
| +430 | INDIA: foundation of Nalanda, principal Buddhist seminary (university) (430-988) | 430 UR -ssx PL Ta Ge | |
| + | ROME: Aetius, minister to Velentinian III (virtual ruler of West Empire) (429-454) | ||
| +431 | MIDEAST: 2nd Council of Ephesus rejects teachings of Nestorius (on human nature of Christ) | ||
| + | |||
| +432 | BRITAIN: St Patrick begins his mission to Ireland (converting many chiefs, building churches) | ||
| + | |||
| +433 | C EUROPE: Attila (the Hun) becomes chief of the Hsiung-Nu (Huns) (433-53) | 433 UR -ssq NE Ta Cn | |
| + | |||
| +434 | 434 UR -ssq NE Ta Cn | 434 UR Ge | |
| + | |||
| +435 | 435 UR Ge | ||
| + | |||
| +436 | FRANCE: Hsiung Nu destroy Worms & kingdom of Burgundians; Burgundians settle in Savoie 443 | 436 NE +ssx PL Cn Ge | |
| + | |||
| +437 | 437 NE +ssx PL Cn Ge | ||
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| +438 | 438 NE +ssx PL Cn Ge | ||
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| +439 | * JAPAN: clans & chiefs lose power to centralising Emperor (influx of Chinese ideas & Koreans) | 439 UR CONJ PL Ge Ge | |
| + | N AFRICA: Gaiseric the Vandal takes Carthage from the Romans (making it his capital) | ||
| +440 | BRITAIN: Angles and Saxons occupy coasts of East & SE England; last Romans leave England 436 | 440 UR CONJ PL Ge Ge | |
| + | ROME: Pope Leo I (440-461) (first authentic Pope, founder of Roman Primacy & prestige) | 440 UR -ssx NE Ge Cn | |
| +441 | E EUROPE: Attila the Hun becomes sole ruler of Hsiung-Nu (441-53), advancing on E Roman empire | 441 UR -ssx NE Ge Cn | 441 UR Cn |
| + | EUROPE: final withdrawal of Roman legions & admin from Britain & Gaul | 441 NE Le | |
| +442 | N AFRICA: Vandal king Gaiseric recognised as legit independent ruler of Carthage by Imp gov't | 442 NE Le | |
| + | N AFRICA: Berber revolts against Arian Vandals, suppressed | ||
| +443 | FRANCE: Germanic Alemanni settle in Alsace | 443 Sa CONJ PL Ge Ge | |
| + | |||
| +444 | EUROPE: epidemic of bubonic plague | 444 Sa CONJ UR Cn Cn | |
| + | |||
| +445 | 445 PL Cn | ||
| + | |||
| +446 | CHINA: brief persecution of Buddhists by Northern Wei (Taoist-Confucian resistance) | 446 Sa CONJ NE Le Le | 446 PL Cn |
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| +447 | GREECE: Attila the Hun & Hsiung-Nu stopped at Thermopylae | 447 UR Le | |
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| +448 | BRITAIN: isolation from Med'n brings reversion of Irish Church to Celtic/Druidic ways | 448 UR +ssx PL Le Cn | |
| + | |||
| +449 | |||
| + | |||
| +450 | * AMERICAS: Moshica culture of Chimic indians in Peru; Mississippi valley culture | ||
| + | * W EUROPE: migration of Britons to Brittany, to escape Saxon invasions in Britain | ||
| +451 | MIDEAST: Council of Chalcedon imposes relig orthodoxy (alienating Nestorians & Monophysites) | 451 HALLEY'S COMET | |
| + | EUROPE: Huns (Hsiung Nu) stopped in Greece 447 (Thermopylae), by Franks in France at Chalons | ||
| +452 | EUROPE: Hsiung-Nu (Attila) attack N Italy | 452 UR CONJ NE Le Le | |
| + | ITALY: Venice founded by refugees from Attila the Hun's campaigns | 452 NE +ssq PL Le Cn | |
| +453 | E EUROPE: on death of Attila, Hsiung-Nu retreat to Russian plains, disturbing Ostrogoths | 452 UR +ssq PL Le Cn | 453 UR Vi |
| + | * INNOVN: invention of the foot stirrup in China or Korea | 453 UR CONJ NE Le Le | |
| +454 | C EUROPE: revolt against Hsiung Nu (Huns) by Hungarian subjects | 453 UR +ssq PL Le Cn | 454 UR Vi |
| + | 453 NE +ssq PL Le Cn | ||
| +455 | INDIA: Skandagupta, Gupta emperor of India (455-467) (repulses Hsiung-Nu from India) | 454 NE +ssq PL Le Cn | 455 NE Vi |
| + | ROME: Rome raided by Gaeseric and the African Vandals | ||
| +456 | E EUROPE: Ostrogoths begin migration from Danube, through Greece to Italy | 456 NE Vi | |
| + | * E EUROPE: slow migration of Slavs into the Balkans (from Belarus) | ||
| +457 | BRITAIN: Britons beaten by Saxon Jutes, Hengist & Horsa, Britons abandoning Kent | 457 UR +sxt PL Vi Cn | |
| + | BYZANTIUM: Leo I, East Roman Emperor (457-474) | ||
| +458 | 458 UR +sxt PL Vi Cn | ||
| + | |||
| +459 | |||
| + | |||
| +460 | IBERIA: Vandals destroy Roman fleet off Spanish coast | 460 Sa OPPN PL Cp Cn | 460 UR Li |
| + | * C ASIA: Ephthalite (White) Huns destroy Kushan lands, raid Sasanid Persia and attack NW India | ||
| +461 | FRANCE: Burgundy establishes a capital at Lyons | ||
| + | |||
| +462 | |||
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| +463 | |||
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| +464 | 464 UR +ssx NE Li Vi | ||
| + | |||
| +465 | 465 Sa OPPN NE Pi Vi | 465 PL Le | |
| + | 465 UR +ssx NE Li Vi | ||
| +466 | @ CHINA: T'su Ch'ung-chi calculates first accurate value of Pi | 466 UR +SQR PL Sc Le | 466 UR Sc |
| + | |||
| +467 | *INDIA: repeating Ephthalite Hun invasions of N India (460-528) | 467 UR +SQR PL Li Cn | 467 PL Le |
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| +468 | * RUSSIA: rise of the Khazar Khanate in Ukraine | 468 UR +SQR PL Sc Le | 468 NE Li |
| + | 468 Sa OPPN UR Ta Sc | ||
| +469 | BYZANTIUM: Constantinople inundated by rain & floods, hundreds die | 469 Sa OPPN UR Ta Sc | 469 NE Li |
| + | |||
| +470 | EUROPE: Hsiung Nu withdraw from Europe | 470 Sa OPPN UR Ta Sc | 470 NE Li |
| + | * AMERICAS: growth of Mayan city civilisation in S Mexico | ||
| +471 | C EUROPE: Theodoric becomes King of Ostrogoths (with ambitions of Roman power) | 471 UR +ssq NE Sc Li | |
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| +472 | |||
| + | |||
| +473 | 473 UR Sg | ||
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| +474 | 474 UR Sg | ||
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| +475 | GREECE: Theodoric & the Ostrogoths settle Macedonia (forcing Roman consent) | ||
| + | EUROPE: climatic extremes bring plague of locusts to Europe, followed by famine | ||
| +476 | ROME: END OF THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE; last emperor deposed & executed by Germans | 476 Sa CONJ PL Le Le | |
| + | GREECE: Proclus, philosopher, heads Platonic Academy in Athens (leading Neo-Platonist) | ||
| +477 | BRITAIN: kingdom of Sussex founded; Wessex founded 495 | ||
| + | ITALY: Vandal Gaiseric sells E Sicily to Ostrogothic Theodoric | ||
| +478 | JAPAN: first Shinto shrines are built (effect of Buddhism on indigenous nature religion) | 478 UR +sxt NE Sg Li | |
| + | INDIA: Budhagupta, emperor (477-95) (Gupta decline, later Guptas become rulers of Maghada, to 700s) | ||
| +479 | CHINA: Southern Ch'i dynasty (479-502) succeeds Liu Sung dynasty at Nanking | 479 UR +sxt NE Sg Li | |
| + | 479 UR +tri PL Sg Le | ||
| +480 | INDIA: Hsiung Nu tribes destroy the Gupta empire in north India | 480 UR +tri PL Sg Le | |
| + | |||
| +481 | MIDEAST: Mamikonian gains political & religious freedom for Armenia (481-4) | 481 UR +tri PL Sg Le | 481 UR Cp |
| + | W EUROPE: Clovis ascends throne of Franks at age 15, founder of Frankish Merovingian line | 481 Sa CONJ NE Li Li | 481 PL Vi |
| +482 | 482 Sa CONJ NE Li Li | 482 PL Vi | |
| +483 | PERSIA: Nestorian Christians tolerated in Persia, Persian Church draws exiles from Byzantium | 482 NE Sc | |
| + | PERSIA: Bar-Soma ests Nestorian doctrine of two natures in Christ (human & divine) | 483 NE Sc | |
| + | ROME: Ostrogoth Theodoric appointed Magister, then Consul | ||
| +484 | PERSIA: Hsiung Nu (White Huns) kill Sassanid Emperor in Persia, but Persian empire survives | ||
| + | EUROPE: Schism between Church in East & West: Pope Felix III excommunicates Patriarch Acacius | ||
| +485 | |||
| + | |||
| +486 | W EUROPE: Frankish Merovingian kingdom founded by Clovis (486-511) (filling vacuum of Roman empire) | ||
| + | FRANCE: Frankish Clovis defeats last Roman governor of Gaul | ||
| +487 | ITALY: Ostrogoths under Theodoric begin invasion of N Italy | 487 UR +sqt PL Cp Vi | |
| + | |||
| +488 | 488 UR +sqt PL Cp Vi | 488 UR Aq | |
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| +489 | MIDEAST: Nestorians ejected forcibly from Edessa by Byzantines; settle in Persia 498 | 489 UR +sqt PL Aq Vi | |
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| +490 | RUSSIA: Khazar khanate attacked by Persians (stimulating growth of Khazars until Viking times) | 490 UR +sqt PL Aq Vi | |
| + | * PERSIA: Zoroastran Mazdak preaches zealous communal & ascetic doctrines (deep future infl) | ||
| +491 | BRITAIN: Saxons attack Britain at Pevensey, Sussex | ||
| + | |||
| +492 | 492 Sa CONJ UR Aq Aq | ||
| + | |||
| +493 | ITALY: Ostrogothic kingdom established in Italy & Malta under Theodoric the Great (489-526) | 493 UR +SQR NE Aq Sc | 493 PL Li |
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| +494 | 494 UR +SQR NE Aq Sc | 494 PL Li | |
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| +495 | PERSIA: zealous Magian priest Mazdak preaches ascetism & communism (unrest follows) | 495 UR +SQR NE Aq Sc | |
| + | CHINA: Northern Wei (Toba Tatars) move capital of N China to Loyang | 495 Sa OPPN PL Ar Li | |
| +496 | FRANCE: Conversion-baptism of Merovingian king Clovis and Frankish nation | 496 UR +SQR NE Aq Sc | 496 UR Pi |
| + | 496 Sa OPPN PL Ar Li | 496 NE Sg | |
| +497 | ITALY: Roman Emperor recognises Ostrogothic rule in Italy | 496 UR +qcx PL Pi Li | 497 NE Sg |
| + | 497 UR +qcx PL Pi Li | ||
| +498 | * SE ASIA: Hindu cultural influences reach Indonesia | 498 UR +qcx PL Pi Li | |
| + | |||
| +499 | INDIA: scientist Aryabhata teaches of rotation of earth and value of Pi=3.1416 | 499 UR +qcx PL Pi Li | |
| + |
| +500 | * AMERICAS: ZENITH OF CLASSICAL TIAHUANACO & HUARI (Bolivia-Peru, 500-1000) | 500 Sa OPPN NE Ge Sg | |
| + | GERMANY: Marcomanni tribe move from Bohemia to Bavaria; Czechs occupy Bohemia | 500 UR +qcx PL Pi Li | |
| + | BRITAIN: British (Arthurian?) victory over expanding Saxons, at Bt of Mt Badon | 501 UR +qcx PL Pi Li | |
| +501 | * C AMERICA: decline of Teotihuacan influence (regionalisation of Mexican city states) | 501 Sa OPPN NE Ge Sg | |
| +502 | CHINA: Liang Dynasty (502-557) succeeds Ch'i in Nanking; Wu Ti, Nanking Emperor (502-49) | 502 UR +qcx PL Pi Li | |
| + | |||
| +503 | INDIA: rise of Vishnu Hindu Chalukya dynasty in Maharashtra (peak of prosperity 630) | 503 UR Ar | |
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| +504 | * EUROPE: FOUNDATION OF EUROPEAN PROTO-STATES (in Germany, France, Italy) | 504 PL Peri 24Li | 504 UR Ar |
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| +505 | * S AMERICA: decline of Moche state (after catastrophic floods) | 505 PL Sc | |
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| +506 | 506 PL Sc | ||
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| +507 | FRANCE: Frankish Clovis annexes Visigoth Toulouse; Visigoths re-establish in Castile | ||
| + | IBERIA: Visigothic kingdom of Spain (507-711) (weak and poor) | ||
| +508 | |||
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| +509 | 509 UR +tri NE Ar Sg | ||
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| +510 | FRANCE: Italian Ostrogoths occupy Provence (roots of kingdom of Savoy) | 510 UR +tri NE Ar Sg | 510 UR Ta |
| + | |||
| +511 | FRANCE: Merovingian realm subdivided amongst Clovis' sons (by tradition) on his death | 511 UR +tri NE Ta Cp | 511 NE Cp |
| + | 511 Sa OPPN UR Sc Ta | 511 UR Ta | |
| +512 | 512 UR +tri NE Ta Cp | ||
| + | 512 Sa OPPN UR Sc Ta | ||
| +513 | MIDEAST: Basra cathedral built (Syria) (prototype for the Byzantine architectural style) | 513 Sa OPPN UR Sc Ta | |
| + | 513 Sa CONJ PL Sc Sc | ||
| +514 | |||
| + | |||
| +515 | * INDIA: Aryabhata, Hindu astronomer & mathematician, at work | 516 NE +ssq PL Cp Sc | |
| + | 516 UR OPPN PL Ta Sc | ||
| +516 | * CHINA: great pagoda-building period (516-60) (eg Yung-ning-su 516, Sung-yueh 523) | 517 NE +ssq PL Cp Sc | |
| + | 517 UR OPPN PL Ta Sc | ||
| +517 | CHINA: Emperor Wu Ti becomes a Buddhist (introducing Buddhism to C China) | 517 UR +sqt NE Ta Cp | 517 UR Ge |
| + | 518 UR OPPN PL Ge Sg | 517 PL Sg | |
| +518 | ? * BRITAIN: zenith of legendary High King Arthur (chivalry, security, Grail quest) | 518 UR +sqt NE Ge Cp | 518 UR Ge |
| + | 518 NE +ssq PL Cp Sg | 518 PL Sg | |
| +519 | EUROPE: reconciliation of Schism between East & West Christian Churches | 519 UR OPPN PL Ge Sg | |
| + | 519 Sa CONJ NE Cp Cp | ||
| +520 | INNOVN: decimal system invented by mathematicians Varamihara & Aryabhata in India | 519 UR on UR NNode | |
| + | JAPAN: revolt in Kyushu (dissention in Japan against Korean campaigns & economic conditions) | 519 UR +sqt NE Ge Cp | |
| +521 | BRITAIN: est of Irish schools at Aranmore & Clonard draws scholars from Europe | 519 NE +ssq PL Cp Sg | |
| + | W EUROPE: major Irish scholastic & missionary influence in Europe (monasteries & schools) | 520 UR OPPN PL Ge Sg | |
| +522 | 520 UR +sqt NE Ge Cp | ||
| + | 520 NE +ssq PL Cp Sg | ||
| +523 | 521 NE +ssq PL Cp Sg | ||
| + | 522 NE +ssq PL Cp Sg | ||
| +524 | ROME: Boethius (480-524), philosopher, theologian, musician, executed for treason | 522 NE on NE SNode | 524 NE Aq |
| + | BRITAIN: Dalriada Scots from N Ireland settle in Argyll (SW Scotland) | 523 NE +ssq PL Cp Sg | 524 UR Cn |
| +525 | MIDEAST: Abyssinia under Caleb invades the Yemen | 524 NE +ssq PL Cp Sg | 525 NE Aq |
| + | * INDIA: Ajanta caves, adorned with Buddhist carvings | 524 UR +qcx NE Ge Cp | 525 UR Cn |
| +526 | ITALY: death of Theodoric the Great, Ostrogoth king (471-526) | 525 NE +ssq PL Aq Sg | |
| + | MIDEAST: Antioch and area destroyed by an earthquake, killing 250,000 (May 26) | 525 UR +qcx NE Cn Aq | |
| +527 | BYZANTIUM: Justinian, Byz Emp (527-65); dominates Church, starts long Church-State friction | 526 UR +qcx NE Cn Aq | |
| + | BRITAIN: creation of Saxon kingdoms of Essex & Middlesex | ||
| +528 | ITALY: Italian Dark Ages (depopulation, desecration, disintegration) | ||
| + | INDIA: Ephthalite Huns driven out of India by a coalition of Hindu states | ||
| +529 | GREECE: Justinian closes Athens Sch of Philosophy to counter paganism (Syria & Persia inherit) | 529 UR -qcx PL Cn Sg | |
| + | ITALY: Benedictus founds Benedictine order at Monte Cassino (to regulate western monasticism) | ||
| + | BYZANTIUM: Justinian's "Codex Vitus" (Code of Civil Laws) (replaced 534 by revised Codex) | 530 UR -qcx PL Cn Sg | |
| +530 | *INDIA: fragmentation of N India as Gupta empire declines | 530 HALLEY'S COMET | |
| +531 | PERSIA: PEAK OF SASANID INFLUENCE & PROSPERITY (Khosrau I Anohshirvan, Shah 531-79) | 531 Sa OPPN PL Ge Sg | 531 UR Le |
| + | 531 UR -qcx PL Cn Sg | ||
| +532 | BYZANTIUM: insurrection in Constantinople, defeated (city destroyed, later rebuilt in style) | 532 Sa OPPN PL Cn Cp | 532 UR Le |
| + | FRANCE: Franks overthrow kingdom of Burgundy | 532 UR -qcx PL Le Cp | 532 PL Cp |
| +533 | BYZANTIUM: Justinian reconquest of Roman territories by Belisarius; Vandal N Africa kgdm taken | 533 PL on PL SNode | 533 PL Cp |
| + | BYZANTIUM: bldg of St Sophia Basilica in Constantinople (533-8) (zenith of Byz architecture) | ||
| +534 | MED'N: Malta, Ostrogothic Italy and Naples taken (534-6) by Byzantium (under Belisarius) | 534 UR -sqt PL Le Cp | |
| + | CHINA: Persian Bodhidharma founds Ch'an (Zen) school of Buddhism at Loyang | 535 UR OPPN NE Le Aq | |
| + | CHINA: Eastern Wei Dynasty (534-50, at An-yang), Western Wei (535-56, at Ch'ang-an) | 535 Sa CONJ UR Le Le | |
| +535 | * BRITAIN: devel of Celtic monasticism & evangelism by Columba, to Europe 563; Book of Kells | 535 Sa OPPN NE Le Aq | |
| +536 | * C AMERICA: economic & political crisis (534-93) in MAYAN CIVILISATION (cultural hiatus) | 535 UR -sqt PL Le Cp | |
| + | 536 UR OPPN NE Le Aq | ||
| +537 | ? BRITAIN: death of legendary King Arthur at Bt of Camlan (killed by his illegitimate son) | 536 UR -sqt PL Le Cp | 537 UR Vi |
| + | 536 Sa OPPN NE Le Aq | ||
| +538 | 537 UR OPPN NE Le Aq | 538 UR Vi | |
| + | 537 UR -sqt PL Le Cp | 538 NE Pi | |
| +539 | MIDEAST: war between Byzantium and Persia (539-562) | 538 UR OPPN NE Le Aq | 539 NE Pi |
| + | 539 UR OPPN NE Vi Pi | ||
| +540 | ITALY: Ostrogoths reclaim Ostrogoth Italy territories, entering Rome | 540 UR -tri PL Vi Cp | |
| + | * BRITAIN: zenith of Welsh epic poetry: Taliesin, Aneirin, Llywarch Hen | ||
| +541 | * E AFRICA: Christianity introduced to Nubia | 541 UR -tri PL Vi Cp | |
| + | SE ASIA: Viets rebel against Chinese rule (541-547) | ||
| +542 | * EUROPE: plague halves population of Europe in 50 yrs (origin Syria & Egypt, to Britain 547) | 542 UR -tri PL Vi Cp | |
| + | BRITAIN: Gildas' "History of Britain" | ||
| +543 | 543 UR Li | ||
| + | |||
| +544 | 544 UR Li | ||
| + | |||
| +545 | |||
| + | |||
| +546 | C EUROPE: scandinavian Langobards (Lombards) est Lombard dynasty in Moravia under Audoin | ||
| + | ITALY: Rome forcefully emptied of all inhabitants by the Goths | ||
| +547 | 548 UR -qcx NE Li Pi | ||
| +548 | * SE ASIA: decline of Funan trading kingdom (Cambodia) and takeover by Chen-la (Laos) | 549 UR -SQR PL Li Cp | |
| +549 | BYZANTIUM: Justinian of Byzantium obtains silkworms from China | 549 Sa CONJ PL Cp Cp | |
| +550 | CHINA: Northern Ch'i Dynasty (550-77) rule at An-yang (overthrown 577 by N Chou of Ch'ang-an) | 549 UR -qcx NE Li Pi | |
| + | * E EUROPE: Slav, Polish and Ukrainian tribes settle in Mecklenburg & Galicia | 550 UR -SQR PL Li Cp | 550 PL Aq |
| + | * C ASIA: TURKISH KHANATES DOMINATE CENTRAL ASIA | 550 UR -qcx NE Li Pi | 550 UR Sc |
| + | * BRITAIN: Welsh Celtic Christians converted to Catholicism by St David | ||
| + | * BYZANTIUM: GOLDEN AGE of BYZANTINE ART, RELIGION and CULTURE | 551 PL Aq | |
| + | * INNOVN: beginnings of use of Chess game, in India | 551 UR -SQR PL Sc Aq | 551 UR Sc |
| +551 | ITALY: Byzantium beats Ostrogoths, annexing Rome & Naples (under Narses, by 554) | 551 NE +sxt PL Ar Aq | 551 NE Ar |
| +552 | JAPAN: Buddhism introduced by Korean priests & Soga Clan; Asuka (historical) period begins | 551 UR -qcx NE Sc Ar | 552 NE Ar |
| + | ASIA: Celestial Turks destroy Avar state in E Asia (causing Avar migration to Hungary) | 552 NE +sxt PL Ar Aq | |
| +553 | BYZANTIUM: fifth Christian Council of Constantinople (Justinian's reorganisation of Church) | 553 NE +sxt PL Ar Aq | |
| + | |||
| +554 | 554 NE +sxt PL Ar Aq | ||
| + | 554 UR -sqt NE Sc Ar | ||
| +555 | 555 NE +sxt PL Ar Aq | ||
| + | 555 Sa CONJ NE Ar Ar | ||
| +556 | 555 UR -sqt NE Sc Ar | ||
| + | 556 UR -sqt NE Sc Ar | ||
| +557 | BYZANTIUM: Constantinople damaged by an earthquake, many works destroyed, thousands killed | 557 UR -sqt NE Sc Ar | 557 UR Sg |
| + | CHINA: Southern Ch'en Dynasty (557-89, at Nanking), Northern Chou (557-81, at Ch'ang-an) | ||
| +558 | FRANCE: Frankish kingdoms reunited by Chlothar I, Frankish king (511-561) (son of Clovis) | 558 Sa OPPN UR Ge Sg | |
| + | EURASIA: bubonic plague kills millions across Old World | 558 UR -sqt NE Sg Ar | |
| +559 | BYZANTIUM: Bulgar (Hun) & Slav assault on Constantinople repelled by Byzantine Belisarius | 559 Sa OPPN UR Ge Sg | |
| + | 559 UR on UR SNode | ||
| +560 | E EUROPE: onslaught of Avars drives Slavs into C Europe, Lombards into Italy | 560 UR -sxt PL Sg Aq | |
| + | N AFRICA: many cities in Egypt & N Africa damaged by earthquakes, thousands killed | 560 Sa OPPN UR Ge Sg | |
| +561 | C AMERICA: defeat of leading Mayan city of Tikal by city-state of Caracol | 561 UR -sxt PL Sg Aq | |
| + | |||
| +562 | W EUROPE: Avars invade Frankish kingdoms | 562 UR -tri NE Sg Ar | |
| + | E ASIA: Japanese driven out of most of Korea by Korean state of Silla | ||
| +563 | BRITAIN: St Columba founds Iona monastery (beginning of Irish evangelist ministry abroad) | 563 UR -tri NE Sg Ar | |
| + | |||
| +564 | * CHINA: infiltration of N China by many peoples absorbing Chinese culture & custom | 564 UR -tri NE Sg Ar | 564 UR Cp |
| + | 564 Sa OPPN PL Le Aq | ||
| +565 | E EUROPE: Avar state (558-803) in Hungary at zenith under Bajan, Avar Kagan (565-602) | 565 UR -tri NE Cp Ta | 565 NE Ta |
| + | * BYZANTIUM: decline of Byzantine overseas strength | 565 Sa OPPN PL Le Aq | |
| +566 | 565 UR -ssq PL Cp Aq | 566 NE Ta | |
| + | |||
| +567 | W EUROPE: permanent partition of Frankish kingdom (roots of France & Germany as nations) | 566 UR -ssq PL Cp Aq | |
| + | IBERIA: Visigoths under Leovigild the Visigoth (567-86) drive Byzantines out of W Spain | ||
| +568 | ITALY: rise of Lombard Italy (568-774): overstretched Byz N Italy & Rome occupied by Alboin | ||
| + | * C ASIA: zenith of first Turkish empire in Turkestan (emissaries sent to Byzantium) | ||
| +569 | @ BRITAIN: Columba converts Picts in Scotland to Celtic Church (bringing Med'n cultural infl) | 569 NE Peri 10Ta | |
| + | |||
| +570 | MIDEAST: Persians drive Abyssinians out of Yemen | ||
| + | ISLAM: birth of Mohammed the Prophet (570-632) in Arabia | ||
| +571 | * C ASIA: foundation of first Tibetan state (Yarlung dynasty) | 571 Sa OPPN NE Sc Ta | |
| + | 571 UR -ssx PL Cp Aq | ||
| +572 | MIDEAST: war between Persia and Byzantium (until 591, Persian expansionism) | 572 Sa OPPN NE Sc Ta | 572 UR Aq |
| + | |||
| +573 | 573 PL Pi | ||
| + | |||
| +574 | ARABIA: Sasanian Persians invade Yemen (to control Red Sea) | 574 PL Pi | |
| + | |||
| +575 | CHINA: T'ien T'ai School of Buddhism founded (incorporating Confucian practices & values) | ||
| + | |||
| +576 | |||
| + | |||
| +577 | CHINA: Northern Chou (557-81, Ch'ang-an) overthrow Northern Ch'i (550-77, An-yang) | ||
| + | |||
| +578 | 578 NE Ge | ||
| + | |||
| +579 | * S AMERICA: rise of local NANTENO & MILAGRO cultures in Equador (500s-1463) | 579 UR Pi | |
| + | 579 NE Ge | ||
| +580 | CHINA: SUI DYNASTY (580-618) at CH'ANG-AN; Yang Chien, Emperor (580-604) (ex Chou minister, | 580 UR -SQR NE Pi Ge | 580 UR Pi |
| + | |||
| +581 | 581 UR -SQR NE Pi Ge | ||
| + | 582 UR -SQR NE Pi Ge | ||
| +582 | 582 UR CONJ PL Pi Pi | ||
| + | 582 Sa CONJ UR Pi Pi | ||
| +583 | * C AMERICA: slow decline of Teotihuacan as dominant power in Mexico (Mayan ascendancy) | 582 NE +SQR PL Ge Pi | |
| + | 582 Sa CONJ PL Pi Pi | ||
| +584 | RUSSIA: Kubrat Dulo (584-642) consolidates Bulgar tribes (ex Finno-Tatars & Huns) in S Russia | 583 UR CONJ PL Pi Pi | |
| + | 583 NE +SQR PL Ge Pi | ||
| +585 | IBERIA: Visigoths under Leovigild conquer the whole of Spain; end of Sueves kgdm of Galicia | 584 NE +SQR PL Ge Pi | |
| + | JAPAN: Yomei, Emp of Japan (585-7) adopts Buddhism as Imperial faith | 585 NE +SQR PL Ge Pi | |
| +586 | S AMERICA: abandonment of Moche (Mochica coastal capital) for inland Lambayeque valley | 586 NE +SQR PL Ge Pi | |
| + | |||
| +587 | JAPAN: civil war between ruling Buddhist Soga clan & traditionalist Nakatomi & Mononobe clans | 587 UR Ar | |
| + | IBERIA: Visigoths convert to Catholicism (beginning of Catholic rule in Spain) | ||
| +588 | 588 UR Ar | ||
| + | |||
| +589 | EUROPE: Visigoths and Lombards converted to Catholicism (absorption of Barbarians) | ||
| + | CHINA: REUNION OF CHINA under Sui dynasty (581-617) (by conquest of S Ch'en dynasty, Nanking) | ||
| +590 | W EUROPE: Irish St Columban's mission to Europe (founding monasteries in Germany & Italy) | 590 Sa CONJ NE Ge Ge | |
| + | ROME: Pope Gregory I the Great (590-604) (1st monastic Pope, growth of worldly Church power) | ||
| +591 | PERSIA: Khosrau Parviz II (590-628) succeeds to throne & renews war with Byzantium | 591 NE Cn | |
| + | |||
| +592 | 592 UR +ssx PL Ar Pi | 592 NE Cn | |
| + | |||
| +593 | JAPAN: Empress Suiko & Prince Shotoku Taishi (593-628) promote Buddhist temple-building, learning, | 593 UR +ssx PL Ar Pi | |
| + | Chinese forms of unified central gov't, Confucian moral principles & economic changes | ||
| +594 | * INNOVN: use of negative-relief block printing and book printing in China | 594 UR Ta | |
| + | |||
| +595 | 595 UR Ta | ||
| + | |||
| +596 | BRITAIN: Gregorius I sends Augustine to Britain to convert Anglo-Saxons & counteract Celtic Church | 596 Sa OPPN PL Vi Pi | |
| + | * N AFRICA: zenith of Coptic culture in Egypt; INDIA: cultural, artistic, architectural climax | 597 UR -sxt NE Ta Cn | |
| +597 | * N AMERICA: approx building of city of Cahokia (Illinois, peak 1050-1250) | 597 Sa OPPN PL Vi Pi | |
| +598 | * S AMERICA: HUARI conquests in Peru (expansion of Huari empire) | 597 UR +ssq PL Ta Pi | |
| +599 | 598 UR -sxt NE Ta Cn |
| +600 | * BRITAIN: peak of Welsh post-bardic heroic verse (eg "Gododdin" by Aneurin) | 598 UR +ssq PL Ta Pi | |
| + | * EUROPE: END of BARBARIAN INVASIONS in EUROPE, settling of peoples | 599 UR -sxt NE Ta Cn | 600 PL Ar |
| + | * RUSSIA: GROWTH OF KHAZAR KHANATE (astride Volga & Don rivers, capital Itil, trading city) | ||
| + | * BYZANTIUM: development of the Icon as religious artform in Byzantium & Bulgaria | 601 PL Ar | |
| +601 | FRANCE: widespread famine in France (600-04) | 601 UR Ge | |
| +602 | CHINA: Huang Ho (Yellow River) changes course as a result of disastrous floods | 602 Sa OPPN UR Sg Ge | 602 PL Ar |
| + | BRITAIN: Augustine establishes Catholic archbishopric in Britain at Canterbury | 602 UR Ge | |
| +603 | MIDEAST: major war between Persia & Byzantium (ravaging Armenia, Syria, Anatolia) | 603 Sa OPPN UR Sg Ge | |
| + | SE ASIA: revolts in Annam (N Vietnam) & Chams (Cambodia) suppressed by China (over sea trade) | 603 UR on UR NNode | |
| +604 | JAPAN: Constitution of 17 Articles (Shotoko Taishi code, Buddhist); Japan opening to Chinese influences | 604 Sa OPPN UR Sg Ge | |
| + | ROME: last meeting of the ancient Roman Senate 604 NE on NE NNode | ||
| +605 | CHINA: opening of the Grand Canal at Loyang (built by a million labourers) | 604 UR -ssq NE Ge Cn | 605 NE Le |
| + | CHINA: Yang Ti, Sui Emperor (605-18) (mismanagement & fruitless wars, new capital at Loyang) | 605 UR -ssq NE Ge Cn | |
| +606 | INDIA: ZENITH OF LATER GUPTA EMPIRE in N India, under Sri Harsha of Thanesar (606-647) | 606 UR -ssq NE Ge Cn | 606 NE Le |
| + | CHINA: public examinations instituted for applicants to Mandarin public office in China | ||
| +607 | JAPAN: opening of Japan to Chinese cultural influences; Japanese ambassadors in China | 607 NE +tri PL Le Ar | |
| + | C ASIA: unification of Tibet by the Yarlung dynasty | 607 HALLEY'S COMET | |
| +608 | * CHINA: major public works, incl Yangtze-Huang Ho canal, Great Wall | 608 NE +tri PL Le Ar | 608 UR Cn |
| + | S INDIA: Mahendravarman I, Pallava king (c600-25) (anti-Jain, pro-Shiva; much religious building) | 609 NE +tri PL Le Ar | |
| +609 | SE ASIA: foundation of Thai Nan Chao state | 609 Sa OPPN NE Aq Le | 609 UR Cn |
| +610 | MIDEAST: Mohammed the Prophet's vision on Mt Hira | 610 NE +tri PL Le Ar | |
| + | BYZANTIUM: Heraclius, Byz Emperor (610-41): BYZANTIUM GROWS as a Greek-speaking, Christian | 610 UR +SQR PL Cn Ar | |
| + | civilisation, stretching from Gibraltar to Euphrates (soon to shrink before the Arabs) | ||
| +611 | MIDEAST: Persia conquers (611-26) Antioch, Damascus, Jerusalem, Egypt (618) and Asia Minor | 611 NE +tri PL Le Ar | |
| + | 611 UR +SQR PL Cn Ar | ||
| +612 | CHINA: Sui dynasty invasion of Koguryo (Korea) fails, at great cost | 611 UR -ssx NE Cn Le | |
| + | 612 UR -ssx NE Cn Le | ||
| +613 | CHINA: revolts around China reduce power of Sui dynasty (empire exhausted by war & excess) | ||
| + | |||
| +614 | MIDEAST: Persians sack Jerusalem (removing relic of the True Cross) | 614 Sa CONJ PL Ar Ar | |
| + | |||
| +615 | BRITAIN: friction between Saxon England and Gaelic Ireland | 615 UR Le | |
| + | INNOVN: petroleum ("burning water") first used in Japan | ||
| + | C AMERICA: recorded accession of Maya lord Pacal (615-83) (building of major Maya structures) | ||
| +616 | |||
| +617 | CHINA: Sui dynasty ends (burden of public works & Korea invasion), China falls into anarchy | ||
| + | MIDEAST: Persians conquer to within one mile of Constantinople | ||
| +618 | CHINA: T'ANG DYNASTY established (618-907) (retaining Sui admin system, China largely unchanging) | 618 NE Vi | |
| + | |||
| +619 | CHINA: "Ten Classics" (Suan Ching), scientific manuals ; spread of Ch'an & Pure Land Buddhism in China | 619 NE Vi | |
| + | |||
| +620 | * PERSIA: LAST ZENITH OF SASSANID EMPIRE (stretching from Anatolia to Afghanistan) | 620 NE +sqt PL Vi Ar | 620 NE Vi |
| + | BRITAIN: first invasions of Ireland by early Vikings from Norway & Denmark | ||
| + | * CHINA: porcelain production, formation of orchestras with 100s of players | ||
| +621 | 621 NE +sqt PL Vi Ar | 621 UR Vi | |
| + | * INDIA: beginning of Bhakti Vedantist revival in Hinduism (Shiva-Brahma-Vishnu, Krishna) | ||
| +622 | ISLAM: HEGIRA of Mohammed: Muslim migration from Mecca to Medina (start of Muslim calendar) | 622 UR +sqt PL Vi Ar | 622 UR Vi |
| + | BYZANTIUM: start of campaigns of Heraclius to protect Byzantium | 622 NE +sqt PL Vi Ar | |
| +623 | C ASIA: Nestorian Christians visit Tibet & Dzungaria | 623 UR CONJ NE Vi Vi | |
| +624 | ISLAM: publication of much of the Quran (Arabia) | 623 UR +sqt PL Vi Ar | |
| + | CHINA: China united under the T'ang Dynasty (beginning 618); Eastern Turks raid Ch'ang-An | 623 NE +sqt PL Vi Ar | |
| +625 | ISLAM: Mohammed the Prophet's mission starts, at Medina, Arabia | 624 UR CONJ NE Vi Vi | |
| + | MIDEAST: Persian conquests of Middle East fail (surrounding E Med'n, threatening Byzantium) | 624 UR +sqt PL Vi Ar | |
| + | * AMERICAS: ZENITH of MAYAN CIVILISATION (eg building of Palenque temples in Mexico) | 625 Sa CONJ NE Vi Vi | |
| + | S INDIA: Pallava Narasimhavarman I (c625-45) (public works, Dravidian temples, consolidation) | 626 Sa CONJ UR Vi Vi | |
| +626 | BYZANTIUM: Constantinople beseiged by Avars and Persians – repulsed (Europe at risk) | 626 PL Aphn 25Ar | |
| +627 | BRITAIN: conversion of Northumbria to RC Ch; Edinburgh founded; RC conversion of Wessex ?635 | 626 UR +qcx PL Vi Ar | 627 UR Li |
| + | MIDEAST: Persians beaten by Byzantines at Nineveh; SASANID PERSIA BEGINS DECLINE | 627 UR +qcx PL Vi Ar | |
| + | CHINA: T'AI TSUNG, Emperor (627-49), CHINA AT CLIMAX (tolerance & patronage of arts & letters) | ||
| + | BYZANTIUM: sugar reaches Europe (pure Indian sugar discovered by Heraclius' troops in Persia) | 628 UR +qcx PL Vi Ar | |
| +628 | ISLAM: Mohammed the Prophet takes Mecca, writes to rulers throughout world, announcing Islam | 628 Sa OPPN PL Li Ar | 628 UR Li |
| +629 | MIDEAST: Byzantine Heraclius recovers Jerusalem from Persians | 629 Sa OPPN PL Li Ar | |
| + | CHINA: Hsuan Tsang, Buddhist scholar, travels to Cambodia & India to study Buddhism | ||
| +630 | * BRITAIN: major church (Glastonbury, St Albans, Winchester) & castle building period | 630 PL Ta | |
| + | * MIDEAST: introduction of cotton to Arab lands (from India) | ||
| +631 | CHINA: Northern Turks beaten by Chinese; suzerainty extended to Turkestan by 641 | 631 PL Ta | |
| + | * INDIA: Parsee Zoroastrans settle in W India ("Jews of the East") | ||
| +632 | ISLAM: DEATH OF MOHAMMED: ARAB EXPANSION BEGINS; "Holy War" declared (Abu Bakr) | 632 NE +qcx PL Li Ta | 632 PL Ta |
| + |