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The Historical Ephemeris
Astro-historical timelines 6: THE LIGHT/DARK AGES NEPTUNE-PLUTO CYCLE 3: 412 – 905 Part two: waning hemicycle 657 – 905 © COPYRIGHT 1989/99 Palden Jenkins |
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Key:
* = a period of change or a general trend
? = an uncertain date
| +657 | * ASIA: Western Turks disperse to Russia-Hungary & some later follow Mahmud of Ghazni to India | 657 NE OPPN PL Sc Ta | |
| + | ROME: Pope Vitalian (657-672) | ||
| +658 | CHINA: max extent of Chinese influence in C Asia (incl Afghanistan, Kashmir, Oxus, Turkestan) | 658 NE OPPN PL Sc Ta | |
| + | ? C AMERICA: abrupt end of Teotihuacan civilisation (Mexico, city burned by attackers) | ||
| +659 | C ASIA: Chinese protectorates in West Turkestan, Ferghana, E Persia (659-665) | 659 NE OPPN PL Sc Ta | |
| + | |||
| +660 | 660 NE OPPN PL Sc Ta | 660 NE Sg | |
| + | |||
| +661 | ISLAM: UMAYYAD CALIPHATE FOUNDED (661-946)at Damascus by Mo'Awiya (Caliph 661-680) | 661 NE OPPN PL Sc Ta | 661 NE Sg |
| + | * ISLAM: Umayyad building & art develops (661-750), major theological developments, gov't organisation | 661 Sa CONJ NE Sg Sg | |
| +662 | 661 Sa OPPN PL Sc Ta | 662 PL Ge | |
| +663 | ROME: last visit to Rome by a Byzantine emperor, Constans II Pogonatus (641-668) | 663 UR -SQR PL Aq Ta | 663 UR Pi |
| + | E ASIA: Japanese withdrawal from Korea (ending 1st Japanese overseas expansion) | ||
| +664 | BRITAIN: Synod of Whitby: Catholic Saxon Church aligns to Rome, Ancient British Celtic Church dies | 664 UR -SQR PL Aq Ta | 663 PL Ge |
| + | BRITAIN: outbreak of plague in Saxon kingdoms | 664 UR Pi | |
| + | ISLAM: Arab invasion of Afghanistan and incursion into NW India by 674 | 664 PL Ge | |
| +665 | BRITAIN: emigration of Celtic Christians from Ireland & Wales to Iceland and North America | 665 UR +SQR NE Pi Sg | |
| + | C ASIA: expansion of Tibet into Turkestan and Tsinghai (NW China) | ||
| +666 | 666 UR +SQR NE Pi Sg | ||
| + | |||
| +667 | 667 UR +SQR NE Pi Sg | ||
| + | |||
| +668 | 668 UR +SQR NE Pi Sg | ||
| + | |||
| +669 | BRITAIN: Theodore of Tarsus, Archbp of Canterbury, organises RC Church, uniting rival kgdms | ||
| + | * ASIA: height of Silla period in Korea (650-780) (flourishing of art, learning & Buddhism) | ||
| +670 | IBERIA: codification of Visigoth law in Spain | ||
| + | ISLAM: Arab invasion of North Africa (Libya, Tunisia, Morocco) | ||
| +671 | CHINA: Buddhist monk I-Tsing travels to India and Malaya | 671 UR Ar | |
| + | INNOVN: 'Greek Fire', explosive missiles, developed in Byzantium, to be used against Arabs | ||
| +672 | C ASIA: conquest of Tarim Basin (Silk Roads) & Ladakh by Tibetans | 672 Sa CONJ UR Ar Ar | |
| + | |||
| +673 | BRITAIN: First Synod of English Catholic Church at Hertford; use of glass windows in churches begins | 673 UR -sxt PL Ar Ge | |
| + | FRANCE: civil war and anarchy break out in Frankish kingdom, (673-687) | 673 Sa CONJ UR Ar Ar | |
| +674 | BYZANTIUM: Arabs beseige Constantinople (674-78), Byzantines survive (first major Arab failure) | 674 UR -sxt PL Ar Ge | 674 NE Cp |
| + | |||
| +675 | E EUROPE: Bulgars resettle south of Danube, to found new Bulgarian empire | 675 NE Cp | |
| + | |||
| +676 | ASIA: Korea unified by principal state of Silla | ||
| + | |||
| +677 | 677 Sa CONJ PL Ge Ge | ||
| + | |||
| +678 | 678 Sa CONJ PL Ge Ge | 678 UR Ta | |
| +679 | E EUROPE: Khazars overcome Bulgars in S Russia, expanding the Khazar Khanate (later wealthy) | 679 Sa OPPN NE Cn Cp | 679 UR Ta |
| +680 | E EUROPE: Bulgars surge into Balkans; recognised rulers over Slavs by Byzantium in 681 | 679 UR -ssq PL Ta Ge | |
| + | IBERIA: Visigothic king, Wamba, becomes a monk | 680 Sa OPPN NE Cn Cp | |
| + | BYZANTIUM: 6th Council of Constantinople condemns Monothelites & repudiates Roman primacy | ||
| + | ISLAM: Sunni CaliphYazid I defeats Shi'ite Husayn at Kerbela (escalation of long Sunni-Shi'ite rivalry) | ||
| +681 | 681 UR +tri NE Ta Cp | ||
| +682 | SE ASIA: beginning of maritime expansion of Srivijaya (Sumatra, Hindu-Buddhist) | 682 UR +tri NE Ta Cp | |
| + | 683 UR -ssx PL Ta Ge | ||
| +683 | C AMERICA: Chan-Bahlum II, Maya lord (683-701) | 683 UR +tri NE Ta Cp | |
| + | 684 HALLEY'S COMET | ||
| +684 | ISLAM: Abdulmalik, Ummayyad Caliph (684-705), Damascus (subdues opp'n Kharijites & Shi'ites) | 684 UR +tri NE Ta Cp | |
| + | CHINA: Empress Wu (684-704) (capricious changes of little lasting effect, liberal backlash) | 684 NE -qcx PL Cp Ge | |
| +685 | ISLAM: ZENITH (685-715) of UMAYYAD PERIOD in MIDEAST: major cultural developments | 684 UR -ssx PL Ta Ge | |
| + | BRITAIN: Bt of Nechtansmere, Picts prevent Northumbrians from gaining control of Scotland | 685 NE -qcx PL Cp Ge | 685 UR Ge |
| + | ITALY: Ravenna 'Cosmography' (the first geographical gazatteer) published | ||
| +686 | BRITAIN: Sussex, last pagan kingdom in Saxon England, converted | 686 NE -qcx PL Cp Ge | 686 UR Ge |
| +687 | FRANCE: Pepin the Younger (679-714) reunites & dominates Frankish state after Bt of Testry | 687 NE on NE SNode | |
| + | ROME: Pope Sergius I (687-701) | 687 UR on UR NNode | |
| +688 | 687 NE -qcx PL Cp Ge | ||
| + | 688 UR +sqt NE Ge Cp | 688 NE Aq | |
| +689 | 689 UR +sqt NE Ge Aq | 689 PL Cn | |
| + | |||
| +690 | 690 UR +sqt NE Ge Aq | 690 PL Cn | |
| + | |||
| +691 | FRANCE: Clovis III, King of all the Franks (691-5) | 691 UR +sqt NE Ge Aq | 691 PL Cn |
| + | |||
| +692 | ISLAM: completion of Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem: Islam's first major monument | 692 PL on PL NNode | 692 UR Cn |
| + | |||
| +693 | ISLAM: fall of Armenia to Arabs; Byzantine Justinian II defeated at Bt of Sebastopolis | 693 UR CONJ PL Cn Cn | 693 UR Cn |
| + | |||
| +694 | 694 Sa OPPN UR Cp Cn | ||
| + | 694 Sa OPPN PL Cp Cn | ||
| +695 | ISLAM: first Arab coinage in use | 695 Sa OPPN UR Cp Cn | |
| + | IBERIA: persecution of Jews in Spain | 695 UR +qcx NE Cn Aq | |
| +696 | * ASIA: Khitan tribes raid Chinese borderlands in Mongolia | 696 UR +qcx NE Cn Aq | |
| + | |||
| +697 | IRELAND: Ulster Celtic Church submits to Roman Catholic Church | 697 UR +qcx NE Cn Aq | |
| + | 698 UR +qcx NE Cn Aq | ||
| +698 | INDIA: fall of Jains as Pallava Srimaravarman converts to Shivaism (death of 8000 Jains) | 698 Sa CONJ NE Aq Aq | 698 UR Le |
| + | N AFRICA: Carthage, Byzantium's last N African outpost, falls to Arabs; Berbers accept Islam in 702 | ||
| +699 | BYZANTIUM: revolt in Byz army begins period of instability & loss (699-717) | 699 Sa CONJ NE Aq Aq | 699 UR Le |
| +700 | * BYZANTIUM: Greek replaces Latin as cultural language of Byzantium | 700 NE -sqt PL Aq Cn | |
| + | * BRITAIN: Lindisfarne Gospels written; Psalms translated to Saxon; 'Beowulf', late Saxon epic | ||
| + | * CHINA: golden age of Chinese poetry, to 850; major growth of cities and population | ||
| + | * W AFRICA: rise of gold-trading Ghanaian kingdom | ||
| + | JAPAN: Gyogi of Korea (670-749) interweaves Shinto & Buddhism | ||
| +701 | JAPAN: 'Taiho' codification of law (Emperor becomes sole owner of land, heredity prevails) | 701 NE -sqt PL Aq Cn | |
| +702 | E EUROPE: Tervel, Czar of Bulgars (701-717) (peak of Bulgarian power & wealth) | 702 NE -sqt PL Aq Cn | 702 NE Pi |
| + | * S AMERICA: decline of MOCHICA CULTURE (Peru, Lambayeque valley) | 702 UR +ssx PL Le Cn | |
| +703 | 703 NE -sqt PL Pi Cn | ||
| + | |||
| +704 | 704 NE -sqt PL Pi Cn | ||
| + | |||
| +705 | ISLAM: Walid I, Ummayyad caliph (705-715) (building of Great Mosque, Damascus; Umayyad peak) | 705 UR Vi + | |
| +706 | 706 UR OPPN NE Vi Pi | ||
| + | 706 UR +ssq PL Vi Cn | ||
| +707 | * C AMERICA: COLLAPSE OF MONTE ALBAN AND TEOTIHUACAN CULTURES (Mexico) | 707 UR OPPN NE Vi Pi | |
| + | * S AMERICA: rise of SICAN CULTURE (Peru, proto-Inca, heyday 850-1050) | 707 UR +ssq PL Vi Cn | |
| +708 | * S AMERICA: expansion of HUARI state, Bolivia – conquest of Moche | 708 UR OPPN NE Vi Pi | |
| + | |||
| +709 | E ASIA: Po Hai kingdom in Manchuria (set up on Chinese model by Korean rulers) (709-934) | 709 UR OPPN NE Vi Pi | |
| + | ISLAM: Arab invasion of Samarkand, Bokhara & Turkestan under Walid I | ||
| +710 | BRITAIN: war between Saxons of England and Britons (Celts) of Cornwall | 710 UR OPPN NE Vi Pi | |
| + | JAPAN: NARA PERIOD STARTS (710-84) (independent Jap culture grows, Shinto & Buddhism hybridise) | 710 Sa CONJ PL Cn Cn | |
| +711 | ISLAM: ARAB INVASION OF SPAIN & control of Straits of Gibraltar; end of Visigothic kgdm | 711 PL Le | |
| +712 | BYZANTIUM: Bulgars at the gates of Byzantium (forcing tribute) | 711 UR Li | |
| + | ISLAM: Arabs conquer Sind (Pakistan) as far as Indus river | 712 PL Le | |
| + | * ITALY: zenith of Lombard kingdom (568-774) in North Italy | 712 UR Li | |
| + | ISLAM: Arab Samarkand, Seville & Cordoba, developing into major peripheral Islamic centers | ||
| +713 | CHINA: Ming Huang, emperor (713-756); MING RENAISSANCE in arts & learning, education, technology | ||
| +714 | * INDIA; migration of Zoroastran refugees from Persia – origins of the Parsis (NW India) | 714 Sa OPPN NE Vi Pi | |
| + | |||
| +715 | FRANCE: Charles Martel, Merovingian chief minister (714-41) of Frankish kingdoms | 715 Sa OPPN NE Li Ar | 715 NE Ar |
| + | |||
| +716 | E EUROPE: Byzantium recognises independent Bulgaria | 716 NE Ar | |
| + | W EUROPE: Boniface leaves native England for Rome (Church evangelist & organiser in W Europe) | ||
| +717 | BYZANTIUM: Leo III, Byz Emp (717-41) (Iconoclastic Dispute begins, holy images banned 717-843) | 717 Sa CONJ UR Li Li | 717 UR Sc |
| + | |||
| +718 | BYZANTIUM: Arab siege of Constantinople beaten by Byzantines (new Byzantine ascendancy) | 718 UR Sc | |
| + | |||
| +719 | 719 UR -qcx NE Sc Ar | ||
| + | |||
| +720 | ISLAM: Arabs attack France (Narbonne) (Europe at risk of Islamicisation) | 720 UR -qcx NE Sc Ar | |
| + | INDIA: fall of the Gupta dynasty | ||
| +721 | 721 UR -qcx NE Sc Ar | ||
| + | |||
| +722 | GERMANY: St Boniface's mission to Germany (to counter Celtic Church & monastic rules) | 722 UR +SQR PL Sc Le | |
| + | 722 UR -qcx NE Sc Ar | ||
| +723 | 723 UR +SQR PL Sc Le | ||
| +724 | RUSSIA: defeat of Khazars by Umayyads; conquest of Georgia | ||
| + | JAPAN: Shomu, Emp of Japan; peak of Nara period & classical semi-Chinese culture | 724 UR Sg | |
| + | CHINA: est of Hanlin Academy, for the training of highest Mandarin officials | ||
| +725 | EUROPE: Venerable Bede (historian, 672-735) introduces dating by Christian Era | 725 UR Sg | |
| + | W EUROPE: Charles Martel begins expansion of Frankish lands (seed of Carolingian empire) | ||
| +726 | INDIA: Pala kgdm in Bengal & Magadha (725-1125) (Buddhist culture, Thai & Sumatran links) | 726 UR -sqt NE Sg Ar | |
| + | 727 UR on UR SNode | ||
| +727 | 727 UR -sqt NE Sg Ar | ||
| + | 728 UR -sqt NE Sg Ar | 728 PL Vi | |
| +728 | * CHINA: new cultural influences arrive from India (via large traffic of Buddhist pilgrims) | 728 Sa OPPN PL Pi Vi | 728 NE Ta |
| +729 | 729 NE -tri PL Ta Vi | 728 NE Ta | |
| +730 | * AMERICAS: ZENITH of MAYAN EMPIRE in Mexico | 729 UR -sqt NE Sg Ta | 729 NE Ta |
| + | EUROPE: Pope Gregory II (715-31) excommunicates Byzantine Emperor | 729 Sa OPPN PL Pi Vi | |
| + | INNOVN: movable-type printing developed in China | 730 NE -tri PL Ta Vi | |
| + | CHINA: local ruler unites six lands of Nan-Chao (resisting T'ang until 794) | ||
| +731 | BRITAIN: Venerable Bede's 'Ecclesiastical History of the English People' | 731 NE -tri PL Ta Vi | |
| + | |||
| +732 | W EUROPE: Bt of Poitiers (Charles Martel) ends Arab expansion into Europe (Frankish growth) | 732 NE -tri PL Ta Vi | 732 UR Cp |
| + | |||
| +733 | INDIA: scholar king Yasovarman of Kanauj (@730-40) (patron of arts & Hindu religion) | 733 NE -tri PL Ta Vi | |
| + | S INDIA: Chalukya Vikramaditya II (733-46) thrice invades Kanchi to make offerings at temples | ||
| +734 | BRITAIN: est of Archbishopric and school of York (later exercising Europe-wide influence) | 734 NE -tri PL Ta Vi | |
| + | 734 Sa CONJ NE Ta Ta | ||
| +735 | 735 NE -tri PL Ta Vi | ||
| + | 735 UR -tri NE Cp Ta | ||
| +736 | INDIA: founding of the city of Delhi (later to be Indian capital) | 736 UR -tri NE Cp Ta | |
| + | |||
| +737 | 737 UR -tri NE Cp Ta | ||
| + | 737 UR +tri PL Cp Vi | ||
| +738 | CHINA: Emp Ming Huang ests schools in every district of Chinese empire | 738 UR +tri PL Cp Vi | |
| + | W AFRICA: Arabs begin to raid NW Africa for slaves (beginning of long slave trade in NW Africa) | ||
| +739 | 739 UR +tri PL Cp Vi | 739 UR Aq | |
| +740 | * MIDEAST: creative period St John of Damascus (700-50) (liturgy & reform of musical notation) | 739 Sa OPPN UR Cn Cp | 739 PL Li |
| + | * RUSSIA: Khazars convert to Judaism (to avoid Byzantine & Islamic pressures) | 740 UR +tri PL Aq Li | 740 UR Aq |
| + | MIDEAST: Byzantines beat Arabs at Bt of Akroinon (turning Arab energy to N Africa) | 740 Sa OPPN UR Le Aq | 740 PL Li |
| + | N AFRICA: Berber rebellion against Arab rule in Algeria | ||
| +741 | ISLAM: revolts by Kharjites in Iraq & N Africa, Shiites in Iraq (against Sunni Umayyads) | ||
| + | JAPAN: creation of gov't monasteries in every province; bldg of Great Buddha at Nara (by 752) | ||
| +742 | FRANCE: birth of Charlemagne (742-814) | 742 NE Ge | |
| + | MIDEAST: earthquakes in Syria & Palestine destroy many cities, thousands killed | ||
| +743 | INDIA: Gurjara-Prathihara dynasty (743-1036) unites N India (staving off Islam until 1100s) | ||
| + | * C ASIA: Turkic tribes leave Siberia, to be replaced by Uighurs | 743 NE Ge | |
| +744 | * CHINA: zenith of Chinese lyrical poetry: Wang Wei, Li Po, Po Chu-I, Han Yu (48,900 poems) | ||
| + | * JAPAN: monk Gyogi (670-749) propagates Shinto & Buddhism as two aspects of same faith | ||
| +745 | BYZANTIUM: Constantinus V Copronymus (741-77) defeats the Arabs (renews Iconoclastic Dispute) | 745 Sa CONJ PL Li Li | |
| + | ASIA: beginning of Uighur empire in Siberia (745-840) (tolerable to China) | ||
| +746 | BYZANTIUM: plague ruins Constantinople (spreading to Greece & Sicily, introd by Arabs) | 746 Sa CONJ PL Li Li | |
| +747 | CHINA: peak of Chinese landscape painting: Wu Tao-hsuan, Li Ssu-hsun, Wang Wei | 747 UR +sqt PL Pi Li | 747 UR Pi |
| +748 | MED'N: Arab fleet destroyed during attack on Cyprus: failure of the Islamic advance | 748 UR +sqt PL Pi Li | |
| +749 | ASIA: Padmasambhava begins introduction of Tantric Buddhism into Tibet & Bhutan | 749 UR +sqt PL Pi Li | |
| +750 | * EUROPE: Gregorian music arises in W Europe; pipe organs spread west from Byzantium | 750 UR +sqt PL Pi Li | |
| + | * EURASIA: CULTURAL ZENITH in INDIA, JAPAN, CHINA, RUSSIA, CORDOBA | ||
| + | ISLAM: ABBASID BAGHDAD CALIPHATE founded by Abu al Abbas; Umayyad caliphate ends | ||
| + | * CHINA: porcelain developed in China; * INDIA: 'Kamandaki', Hindu manual on government and law | ||
| + | ITALY: Lombards capture Ravenna, ending Byzantine power in Italy (re: schism between Rome & Byzantium) | ||
| + | EUROPE: Merovingian dynasty ends in France; diffuculties in Byzantine succession | ||
| +751 | ASIA: Bt of Talas River (Turkestan) sets boundary between China & Islamic world | 751 Sa OPPN NE Sg Ge | 751 PL Sc |
| + | W EUROPE: CAROLINGIAN PERIOD (751-814) – election of Pepin the Short as king of the Franks (750-68) | 751 PL Peri 28Li | |
| + | EURASIA: paper-making & silk-weaving spread to Arabs & Europe (1150), via Chinese prisoners | 751 UR +sqt PL Pi Li | |
| +752 | * ASIA: zenith of Korean arts & sculpture | 752 Sa OPPN NE Sg Ge | 752 PL Sc |
| + | JAPAN: dedication of Great Buddha at Nara, peak of Buddhist fervour | 752 UR -SQR NE Pi Ge | |
| + | ROME: Pope Stephen II (752-7) steers Roman Church away from Byzantium to links with Franks | ||
| +753 | * INDIA: spread of Tantric Buddhist & Hindu magical teachings (favouring goddess invocation) | 753 UR -SQR NE Pi Ge | |
| + | INDIA: establishment of Rashtrakuta kingdom (753-973) in Deccan, by Dantidurga (overthrows Chalukyas) | ||
| +754 | * C ASIA: cultural links in Tibet switch from China to India | 754 UR -SQR NE Pi Ge | 754 UR Ar |
| + | ISLAM: Al-Mansur the Victorious, Abbasid Caliph (754-775, Abbasid leadership passes to Persians) | ||
| +755 | CHINA: An Lu-Shan's rebellion (755-763) in China; slow decline of T'ang civilisation (to 907) | 755 UR -SQR NE Pi Ge | 755 UR Ar |
| + | * ASIA: uprisings against China by Uighurs, Thais, Tangut, Mongol & Khitan peoples | 755 NE Cn | |
| + | * ISLAM: growth of Sufi mystical movement (Anatolia, Syria) | ||
| +756 | IBERIA: Emir Abd al Rahman ests UMAYYAD CALIPHATE of CORDOBA (755-1031) (ind of Abbasids) | 756 NE Cn | |
| + | CHINA: Arabs aid China to crush rebellion (on resignation of Ming Huang, T'ang Emperor) | ||
| + | ROME: foundation of the Papal State (donation of Frankish Pepin the Short) | ||
| +757 | JAPAN: art collection of Emperor Shomu presented to Todai-ju Temple (3000 objects) | 757 UR +qcx PL Ar Sc | |
| +758 | CHINA: establishment of Muslim trading quarter in Kanfu (Canton) | 758 UR +qcx PL Ar Sc | |
| + | BRITAIN: supremacy of Mercia under Offa II (757-96) | ||
| +759 | FRANCE: Franks (Pepin the Short) eject Arabs from Southern France | 759 UR +qcx PL Ar Sc | |
| + | |||
| +760 | MIDEAST: foundation of Turkish Empire by Tartar Turkic tribe in Armenia | 760 HALLEY'S COMET | |
| + | * BRITAIN: zenith of Celtic book copying & illustration | 760 UR +qcx PL Ar Sc | |
| + | INNOVN: Arabs adopt Indian numerals, decimal notation, and develop algebra & trigonometry | ||
| +761 | C ASIA: withdrawal of Chinese influence from C Asia, making way for Tibetan & Uighur growth | 761 UR +qcx PL Ar Sc | |
| +762 | ISLAM: Baghdad founded as capital of Abbasid Caliphate (previous capital was Damascus) | 762 UR Ta | |
| + | C ASIA: Uighur nomads convert to Manichaeism (after the Kagan meets Persian refugees in China) | ||
| +763 | C ASIA: Tibetan expansion into Tunhuang, Kansu, Tarim Basin, Nepal & Ladakh, to 840 | 763 Sa CONJ UR Ta Ta | 763 UR Ta |
| + | CHINA: Tibetans sack western capital of Chang-An (China beseiged by marauders) | 763 PL Sg | |
| +764 | JAPAN: rise to power of monk Dokyo, under Empress Shotoku (764-70) | 764 PL Sg | |
| + | * W AFRICA: increase in trans-Saharan trade (gold, salt, slaves) and rise of rich trading towns | ||
| +765 | FRANCE: Carolingian Royal Court established Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen) by Pepin the Short | 765 Sa OPPN PL Ge Sg | |
| + | |||
| +766 | S INDIA: Rashtrakuta Krishnaraja I builds Ellora & Elephanta temples (classical Shaiva style) | ||
| + | |||
| +767 | |||
| + | |||
| +768 | W EUROPE: accession of CHARLEMAGNE, Carolingian emperor (768-814) to Frankish throne | 768 UR -sxt NE Ta Cn | |
| + | 768 NE on NE NNode | ||
| +769 | 769 UR -sxt NE Ta Cn | 769 UR Ge | |
| + | 769 Sa CONJ NE Le Le | 769 NE Le | |
| +770 | INDIA: Dharmapala, K of Pala (@770-883) in Bengal & Magadha (king over 100 years) | 770 UR -sxt NE Ta Cn | 770 UR Ge |
| + | 770 NE Le | ||
| +771 | 771 UR on UR NNode | ||
| + | |||
| +772 | |||
| + | |||
| +773 | ITALY: Charlemagne conquers Northern Italy (beginning long saga of rivalry of HRE vs Papacy) | ||
| + | |||
| +774 | 774 UR OPPN PL Ge Sg | ||
| + | |||
| +775 | ASIA: Tibet invades Himalayan nations and makes treaty with China | 775 UR OPPN PL Ge Sg | |
| + | ISLAM: Inquisition starts in Arab empire | ||
| +776 | E EUROPE: downfall of Bulgaria to Byzantine Greeks (revival in 790s) | 776 UR OPPN PL Ge Sg | 776 UR Cn |
| + | 776 UR -ssq NE Ge Le | ||
| +777 | BRITAIN: Kent & Wessex subdued; Offa, King of all England (779-96) (Mercian dominance 779-821) | 777 UR -ssq NE Cn Le | |
| + | W EUROPE: Charlemagne subdues the Saxons on mainland Europe | ||
| +778 | 778 PL Cp | ||
| + | |||
| +779 | * CHINA: provincial capitals grow in strength; migrations to Yangtze valley; boom in trade | ||
| + | |||
| +780 | E ASIA: collapse of Silla, political decline in Korea (780-935, with increasing imitation of China) | 780 PL on PL SNode | |
| + | |||
| +781 | JAPAN: Emperor Kammu (781-806) (subdues Ainu peoples, moves capital to Kyoto, modernisation) | ||
| + | |||
| +782 | BYZANTIUM: last Arab attempt to overcome Byzantium fails | 782 UR -ssx NE Cn Le | 782 UR Le |
| + | W EUROPE: Alcuin of York (735-804) organises higher education: CAROLINGIAN RENAISSANCE | 782 NE Vi | |
| +783 | 783 Sa CONJ PL Cp Cp | 783 UR Le | |
| + | 783 UR -ssx NE Cn Le | 783 NE Vi | |
| +784 | BRITAIN: building of Offa's Dyke (earthwork dividing Saxon England from Celtic Wales) | 784 UR -qcx PL Le Cp | |
| + | |||
| +785 | CHINA: first known use of magnetic compass, in China | 785 UR -qcx PL Le Cp | |
| + | |||
| +786 | ISLAM: building of Mosque of Cordoba, Spain (a peak of Muslim architecture) | 786 Sa OPPN UR Aq Le | |
| + | ISLAM: Harun al Rashid, Abbasid Caliph (786-809, great caliph, patron of arts & sciences) | 786 UR -qcx PL Le Cp | |
| +787 | W EUROPE: VIKING (mainly Danish) RAIDS on EUROPEAN COASTS BEGIN | 787 Sa OPPN UR Aq Le | |
| + | 787 UR -qcx PL Le Cp | ||
| +788 | NW AFRICA: Idrisid dynasty of Fez (788-930) creates independent Islamic Morocco | 788 Sa OPPN NE Pi Vi | 788 UR Vi |
| + | |||
| +789 | 789 Sa OPPN NE Pi Vi | 789 UR Vi | |
| + | 789 UR -sqt PL Vi Cp | ||
| +790 | IBERIA: CORDOBA CALIPHATE under Harun-al-Rashid (patron of learning) in Cordoba | 790 UR -sqt PL Vi Cp | |
| + | * C ASIA: conquest of Tarim, Dzungaria, Himalaya & W China by Tibetans, to 860 | ||
| +791 | E EUROPE: Avar state in Hungary beaten by Charlemagne's attacks 791-796 | 791 UR -sqt PL Vi Cp | |
| + | * ATLANTIC: settlement of Faeroes, Iceland and eventually America by Irish monks | ||
| +792 | * BYZANTIUM: decline and instability until 820 | ||
| + | C ASIA: Buddhism adopted as the state religion of Tibet | ||
| +793 | NW EUROPE: SERIOUS VIKING THREAT TO EUROPE BEGINS – Danes destroy Lindisfarne monastery | ||
| + | * N AMERICA: DAWN OF MISSISSIPPIAN CULTURE (towns and riverine horticulture, 800-1450) | ||
| +794 | JAPAN: HEIAN PERIOD (794-1185), Kyoto (dominated by Fujiwara clan 967-1068, decline of Chinese | 794 UR CONJ NE Vi Vi | 795 PL Aq |
| + | influence, growth of Buddhism & Fujiwara court, cent gov't reform, gradual devolution) | ||
| + | ISLAM: opening of a state paper mill in Baghdad | 794 UR -tri PL Vi Cp | 795 UR Li |
| +795 | MIDEAST: revolts in Egypt | 795 UR -tri PL Vi Cp | 796 PL Aq |
| + | NW EUROPE: Viking landings and settlements start (mainly Norwegian), dominance by 802 | 796 UR -tri PL Li Aq | 796 UR Li |
| +796 | FRANCE: Alciun, Carolingian educator, founds a university at Tours | 796 NE -tri PL Vi Cp | 796 NE Li |
| +797 | ISLAM: Harun-al-Rashid sends embassies to Charlemagne & T'ang emperor | 797 NE -tri PL Li Aq | 797 NE Li |
| +798 | * ISLAM: Oriental & Hellenistic thinking meet, at Baghdad, Mecca, Damascus, Samarkand & Egypt | 798 NE -tri PL Li Aq | |
| +799 | C ASIA: Khazars invade Armenia | 798 Sa OPPN PL Le Aq |
| +800 | * PACIFIC OCEAN: first Polynesian settlers reach Easter Island and New Zealand (850) | 799 NE -tri PL Li Aq | ||
| + | * SE ASIA: Khmer in Angkor rise to regional prominence; high civilisation in Java (Borobadur) | 799 Sa OPPN PL Le Aq | ||
| + | * AFRICA: state of Luba (Zaire) at zenith of development (source of later C African cultures) | 800 NE -tri PL Li Aq | ||
| + | * S AMERICA: decline of HUARI CULTURE (Peru) | |||
| + | ISLAM: ZENITH OF ABBASID CALIPHATE OF BAGHDAD under Harun al Rashid | |||
| + | * BYZANTIUM: crucifixion artwork shows Christ's suffering & vulnerability for first time | |||
| + | EUROPE: CHARLEMAGNE crowned Holy Roman Emperor in Rome: HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE begins | |||
| + | EUROPE: final separation between East & West empires and Churches; Carolingian links with Arabs | |||
| +801 | N AFRICA: Aghlabid dynasty of Kairouan (801-909) establishes independent Libya | 801 NE -tri PL Li Aq | 801 UR Sc | |
| +802 | W EUROPE: Germanic tribal laws codified by Charlemagne | 802 UR Sc | ||
| + | SE ASIA: Angkorean (Khmer) Buddhist kingdom established by Jayavarman II | |||
| +803 | E EUROPE: Bulgarians throw off Tartar (Turkic) dominance | |||
| + | EUROPE: independence of Venice (to become wealthy trading city) recognised by Byzantium | |||
| +804 | EUROPE: expansion of Carolingian empire into E Germany | 804 UR -SQR PL Sc Aq | ||
| + | INDIA: Rashtrakuta Govinda II (794-813) expands Rashtrakuta empire across C India | 804 Sa CONJ NE Li Li | ||
| +805 | ASIA: beginning of major Nestorian missionary expansion to Turkestan, Mongolia & China | 805 UR -SQR PL Sc Aq | ||
| + | C AMERICA: beginning of decline in southern Mayan building, science & trade (Guatemala) | 805 Sa CONJ NE Li Li | ||
| +806 | * SE ASIA: building of Buddhist temple complex at Borobudur, Java | |||
| + | ||||
| +807 | * BRITAIN: Egbert of Wessex (802-39) dominant king in England (Wessex resists of Vikings) | 807 UR +ssx NE Sc Li | ||
| + | ||||
| +808 | E EUROPE: Krum (808-14) reorganises Bulgaria & overturns Byz repression | 808 Sa CONJ UR Sc Sc | 808 UR Sg | |
| + | ||||
| +809 | * E AFRICA: Kilwa Kisiwani and other trading towns founded along E African coast | 809 UR Sg | ||
| + | ||||
| +810 | E EUROPE: Bulgarians conquer Sofia and defeat Byzantium (Byzantium weak) | 810 NE Sc | ||
| + | PERSIA: Persian mathematician al-Khwarizmi devises algebra | |||
| +811 | 811 UR on UR SNode | 811 NE Sc | ||
| + | ||||
| +812 | EUROPE: Mikael I, Byz Emperor, concedes title of Basileus (emperor) on Charlemagne (812-20) | |||
| + | ||||
| +813 | MIDEAST: astronomy school established in Baghdad ; short Abbasid civil war – Baghdad sacked | |||
| + | ISLAM: Mamun, Baghdad Caliph (813-33) brings Augustan age of Arabian arts, learning & science | |||
| +814 | W EUROPE: death of Charlemagne (successor Louis the Pious, 814-40, Carolingian decline starts) | 814 UR -sxt PL Sg Aq | ||
| + | 814 UR +ssq NE Sg Sc | |||
| +815 | BRITAIN: Egbert of Wessex defeats Britons in Cornwall (Wessex expansion in SW England) | 815 UR -sxt PL Sg Aq | ||
| + | ||||
| +816 | C ASIA: Magian leader Babek harrasses Abbasid empire from Azerbaijan (Zoroastran revivalism) | 816 UR Cp | ||
| + | ||||
| +817 | W EUROPE: Carolingian empire divided by Louis the Pious | 817 Sa CONJ PL Aq Aq | 817 PL Pi | |
| + | ||||
| +818 | 818 PL Pi | |||
| + | ||||
| +819 | 819 PL Pi | |||
| + | ||||
| +820 | ISLAM: Abbasid Caliphate reorganised; Taherite dynasty est'd at Khorasan | 820 UR -ssq PL Cp Pi | ||
| + | BYZANTIUM: Phrygian dynasty (820-67) reclaims Byzantine power (renews Byzantine flowering) | |||
| +821 | BRITAIN: end of Mercian supremacy in England (Wessex on rise) | 821 UR +sxt NE Cp Sc | ||
| + | ||||
| +822 | IDEAS: est of House of Knowledge in Baghdad (translations from Greece, Syria, Persia, India) | 822 UR +sxt NE Cp Sc | ||
| + | ||||
| +823 | * IDEAS: Samkara of Malabar (c788-850) (reinterprets Vedanta & Brahminism, founds schools) | 823 UR +sxt NE Cp Sc | 823 UR Aq | |
| + | 823 Sa OPPN NE Ta Sc | |||
| +824 | GERMANY: Louis the Pious offers personal protection of king to Jews in Germany | 824 Sa OPPN NE Ge Sg | 824 NE Sg | |
| + | ||||
| +825 | ITALY: rise of N Italian cities (eg Pavia, Venice) as centres of culture & literature | 825 UR -ssx PL Aq Pi | ||
| + | ||||
| +826 | N EUROPE: Ansgar the missionary preaches in Scandinavia (Scania & Svealand) | |||
| + | ||||
| +827 | MED'N: Saracen occupation of Sicily (marking rise of widespread pirate raids on Med'n coasts) | |||
| + | ||||
| +828 | BRITAIN: Egbert of Wessex, High King of Saxon Heptarchy (828-39) (on defeat of Mercia (824-5)) | |||
| + | ||||
| +829 | 829 Sa OPPN UR Le Aq | |||
| + | ||||
| +830 | C EUROPE: Moravian nation (830-906) formed by Prince Moymir of Moravia (830-46) | 830 NE -SQR PL Sg Pi | ||
| + | 830 Sa OPPN UR Le Aq | |||
| +831 | C AMERICA: Mayan classic period ends – central Maya states decline, Long Count calendar abandoned | 831 NE -SQR PL Sg Pi | 831 UR Pi | |
| + | 831 Sa OPPN UR Vi Pi | |||
| +832 | BYZANTIUM: Iconoclastic Dispute: persecution of icon worshippers in Byzantium | 831 Sa OPPN PL Vi Pi | ||
| + | 832 NE -SQR PL Sg Pi | |||
| +833 | 832 Sa OPPN PL Vi Pi | |||
| + | 833 NE -SQR PL Sg Pi | |||
| +834 | MIDEAST: revolt of the Jats (Gypsies) in Iraq (against Abbasid rule) | |||
| + | ||||
| +835 | * INDIA: Rajasthani Pratihara kingdom (835-970) rules N India | |||
| + | ||||
| +836 | BRITAIN: Danes sack London and raid much of E England; 837 Saxons (Heptarchy) fight back | 836 UR CONJ PL Pi Pi | ||
| + | INDIA: struggle for control of Deccan, between Rashtrakutas & Pratiharas | 837 HALLEY'S COMET | ||
| +837 | ISLAM: Abbasid capital moves to Samarra (brings gradual loss of control by Abbasids) | 837 UR CONJ PL Pi Pi | ||
| + | 837 UR +SQR NE Pi Sg | |||
| +838 | MED'N: Arabs sack Marseilles and S Italy, defeat Byzantium in Asia Minor (threatening Europe) | 838 UR +SQR NE Ar Cp | 838 NE Cp | |
| + | * IRELAND: est of first towns in Ireland by Vikings; immigration of Gallic refugees | 838 UR Ar | ||
| + | E ASIA: end of Japanese period of imitation of China (last embassy to T'ang) | |||
| +839 | C ASIA: collapse of central control of the kingdom of Tibet | 839 UR +SQR NE Ar Cp | 839 UR Ar | |
| +840 | E EUROPE: Confederation of Slavic tribes under Moravian Moimir (to resist German land pressures) | 840 UR +SQR NE Ar Cp | ||
| + | C ASIA: Turkic Kirghiz (Siberians) overthrow Uighur empire (many Uighur migrate to Tarim Basin) | |||
| +841 | NW EUROPE: Vikings plunder Rouen & Paris; monarchy est'd in Norway; N Germany attacked 845 | 841 Sa CONJ NE Cp Cp | ||
| + | CHINA: Wu Tsung, Taoist emperor, persecutes Manichaeans, Buddhists, Nestorians in China | |||
| + | W EUROPE: foundation of Dublin by Vikings (as main base for operations in Ireland & Britain) | |||
| +842 | ASIA: Tibetan empire disintegrates | |||
| + | BYZANTIUM: use & worship of icons re-established; Mikael III the Drunkard, Byz Emp (842-67) | |||
| +843 | W EUROPE: partition of Carolingian empire, into Italy, France, Germany (Treaty of Verdun) | |||
| + | CHINA: Manichaeism destroyed in China after persecutions of Persian & Asian Manichaeans | |||
| +844 | BRITAIN: Kenneth MacAlpin, K of Scots & Picts (844-60) (1st king of united Scotland) | 844 PL Ar | ||
| + | ||||
| +845 | CHINA: general decline (persecution of Buddhists; currency inflation & imperial bankruptcy) | 845 PL Ar | ||
| + | 845 UR Ta | |||
| +846 | ITALY: Arabs pillage Rome, sack the Vatican, destroy Venetian fleet | 846 UR +ssx PL Ta Ar | 846 PL Ar | |
| + | MIDEAST: Viking (Varangian) traders reach Baghdad | 846 UR Ta | ||
| +847 | * ISLAM: beginning of decline of Abbasid empire (gradual disintegration into local dynasties) | 847 UR +ssx PL Ta Ar | ||
| +848 | ||||
| +849 | * INNOVN: earliest use of gunpowder, in China (roots of new warfare) | 849 Sa CONJ PL Ar Ar | ||
| +850 | C AMERICA: collapse of Classic Maya civilisation in Mexico | 851 NE on NE SNode | ||
| + | * S AMERICA: decline of Huari civilisation in Peru | 851 UR +ssq PL Ta Ar | ||
| + | INDIA: Buddhism becomes defunct in India (overridden by Hindu & Jain religions) | |||
| + | ISLAM: Arabs perfect the astrolabe (an astronomical observational device) | |||
| + | RUSSIA: Rurik the Viking, ruler of Kiev (850-79) (Viking trade expansion to Black Sea & Med'n) | |||
| +851 | INDIA: foundation of Chola state (Madras area, later to be influential across Asia) | |||
| + | C AMERICA: foundation of Chichen Itza, N Yucatan (to become leading Maya/Toltec city) | |||
| +852 | ROME: 'Papa Caput totius Orbis', proclamation of Papal supremacy on earth | 852 NE Aq | ||
| + | ||||
| +853 | INNOVN: publication of the first printed book, in China | 853 UR +tri NE Ge Aq | 853 UR Ge | |
| + | 853 Sa CONJ UR Ge Ge | |||
| +854 | * SE ASIA: Burmese establish a state at Pagan | 854 UR +tri NE Ge Aq | ||
| + | ||||
| +855 | ITALY: Louis II, king of Italy & Holy Roman Emperor (855-76) | 855 UR +tri NE Ge Aq | ||
| + | 855 UR on UR NNode | |||
| +856 | GREECE: Corinth wrecked by an earthquake, killing 45,000 | 856 UR +tri NE Ge Aq | ||
| + | ||||
| +857 | C EUROPE: Ratislav of Moravia (846-70) shifts Moravia from Frankish to Byzantine sphere | |||
| + | ||||
| +858 | EUROPE: Vikings attack & plunder S Spain, Mediterranean coasts and Asia Minor | 858 NE -sxt PL Aq Ar | ||
| + | JAPAN: Yoshifusa achieves Fujiwara domination of Imp court | 858 Sa OPPN NE Le Aq | ||
| +859 | MIDEAST: establishment of Bagratide dynasty in Armenia by Ashot I | 859 Sa OPPN NE Le Aq | 859 UR Cn | |
| + | C ASIA: downfall & splintering of Tibetan kingdom (affecting large areas of C Asia) | |||
| +860 | * SE ASIA: growth of great Khmer cities & architecture in Cambodia | 860 UR +sqt NE Cn Aq | 860 UR Cn | |
| + | SCANDNVA: Gorm the Elder unites Denmark; BYZANTIUM: Vikings first raid Constantinople | |||
| +861 | W EUROPE: major towns of NW Europe under Viking attack, terror grows along coasts & rivers | 861 UR +sqt NE Cn Aq | ||
| + | ATLANTIC: landing on Iceland by Norwegian Vikings | |||
| +862 | RUSSIA: Novgorod founded by Rurik the Viking (the first Russian state) | 862 UR +sqt NE Cn Aq | ||
| + | ||||
| +863 | E EUROPE: creation of Cyrillic alphabet in Moravia by St Cyril & Methodius | 863 UR +SQR PL Cn Ar | ||
| + | 863 Sa OPPN PL Li Ar | |||
| +864 | 864 UR +SQR PL Cn Ar | |||
| +865 | BYZANTIUM: Vikings attack Constantinople (richest city they had seen) | 864 Sa OPPN PL Li Ar | 865 NE Pi | |
| + | BRITAIN: Viking occupation of Northumbria & Yorkshire | 865 UR +SQR PL Cn Ar | ||
| + | E EUROPE: Bulgars (Boris I (852-89)) and Serbians convert to Christianity | |||
| +866 | BYZANTIUM: Basil I, Byz Emp (867-86) brings revival (Macedonian Dyn 866-912) (Basilian laws) | 866 UR +qcx NE Le Pi | 866 NE Pi | |
| + | JAPAN: Fujiwara Period (866-1160) (Fujiwara clan domination of Imperial Court) | 866 UR Le | ||
| +867 | BYZANTIUM: Patriarch Photius separates Orthodox Church from Rome (recognised by Pope 870) | 867 UR +qcx NE Le Pi | 867 UR Le | |
| + | MIDEAST: Zenj rebellion in Chaldaea (869-83) | |||
| +868 | 868 UR +qcx NE Le Pi | |||
| + | ||||
| +869 | MED'N: Malta taken by Arabs | 869 UR +qcx NE Le Pi | ||
| + | ||||
| +870 | BRITAIN: Danish Vikings occupy East Anglia | 870 NE -ssq PL Pi Ar | ||
| + | PERSIA: Persia virtually independent of Sassanid empire, under Saffarid dynasty (870-903) | |||
| +871 | BRITAIN: Alfred the Great, King of England (871-99) resists Danish pressure on England | |||
| + | ||||
| +872 | N EUROPE: unification of Norway under Harold Haarfagr, King of Norway (872-933) | 872 UR +tri PL Le Ar | 872 UR Vi | |
| + | C ASIA: Samanids take control of Khorasan & Transoxiana (Bokhara intellectual centre of Islam) | |||
| +873 | 873 UR +tri PL Le Ar | 873 UR Vi | ||
| + | ||||
| +874 | CHINA: popular uprisings and rebellions against T'ang emperor (874-884) | 874 PL Aphn 29Ar | 874 PL Ta | |
| + | ATLANTIC: colonisation of Iceland by Vikings (high cultural level, outlasts Euro Viking ways) | |||
| +875 | C EUROPE: Sviatopluk of Moravia (870-94) takes Slovakia, Bohemia, Silesia (by 906) | 875 UR +sqt PL Vi Ar | 875 PL Ta | |
| + | ||||
| +876 | 876 UR +sqt PL Vi Ar | 876 PL Ta | ||
| + | ||||
| +877 | BRITAIN: Mercia partitioned between Saxons & Danes (boundary Watling Street) | 877 Sa OPPN UR Pi Vi | ||
| + | 877 UR +sqt PL Vi Ta | |||
| +878 | ITALY: Arabs take Sicily from Byzantines | 878 UR OPPN NE Vi Pi | ||
| + | BRITAIN: Alfred the Great defeats Danes: Tr of Wedmore divides England between Saxons & Danes | 878 Sa OPPN UR Pi Vi | ||
| +879 | EUROPE: the Pope and Patriarch of Constantinople excommunicate one another | 878 Sa CONJ NE Pi Pi | 879 NE Ar | |
| + | ASIA: Nepal gains independence from Tibet | 879 UR OPPN NE Vi Pi | 879 UR Li | |
| +880 | EURASIA: widespread famine in many lands (weather conditions) | 879 UR +qcx PL Li Ta< |