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The Historical Ephemeris
Astro-historical timelines 8: MEDIEVAL PERIOD NEPTUNE-PLUTO CYCLE 4: 905 – 1398 Part two: waning hemicycle 1152 – 1398 © COPYRIGHT 1989/99 Palden Jenkins |
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Key:
* = a period of change or a general trend
? = an uncertain date
| [NOTE: During this period Germany & the Holy Roman Empire are roughly contiguous; in the lists below, entries are marked 'Germany' when they specifically affect Germany, otherwise 'HRE' is used when the Empire is affected. The same goes in the case of 'Islam', which is used when events concern the whole, otherwise, more local regions are marked] |
| 1151 | C ASIA: destruction of sultanate of Ghazni by the Sultan of Khorasan, Al-Auddin Husain | 1151 NE OPPN PL Sc Ta | 1151 PL Ge |
| + | AMERICAS: decline of Toltec culture in Mexico (becomes seed of Aztec culture) | 1151 UR -qcx PL Cp Ge | 1151 NE Sg |
| 1152 | GERMANY: Frederick I Barbarossa, king of Germany (1152-1190) (by election) | 1152 NE OPPN PL Sg Ge | 1152 PL Ge |
| + | * AMERICAS: MANCO CAPAC, first GREAT INCA, establishes INCA CULTURE at Cuzco, Peru | 1152 NE Sg | |
| 1153 | * SE ASIA: zenith of Buddhist culture in Burma | 1153 NE OPPN PL Sg Ge | |
| + | * W EUROPE: Troubadours in S France (new dance, music & freethinking emerge all over Europe) | ||
| 1154 | W EUROPE: accession of Plantagenet Henry II of Anjou (1154-89) (Angevin empire in England & France) | 1154 NE OPPN PL Sg Ge | |
| + | FRANCE: Chartres Cathedral begun (heralding the spread of Gothic architecture in Europe) | ||
| 1155 | BRITAIN: Thomas a Becket becomes chancellor to Henry II (Plantagenet dynasty lasts until 1485) | 1155 UR -sqt PL Cp Ge | |
| + | BRITAIN: Pope Hadrian IV gives Henry II of England rule over Ireland (Henry centralises power) | ||
| 1156 | JAPAN: civil war between rival claimants to power, (splitting Taira Clan & Minamoto Clan) | 1156 UR -sqt PL Cp Ge | |
| + | GERMANY: creation of Austria by Barbarossa (to counter Welf Bavarian power) | ||
| 1157 | SCANDNVA: Erik the Saint of Sweden conquers Finland (begins long dominance of Finland by Sweden) | 1157 UR +ssq NE Cp Sg | |
| + | SCANDNVA: Waldemar I the Great, K of Denmark (1157-82) (rise of Denmark to major power status) | ||
| 1158 | * EUROPE: rise of the Craft Guilds in European cities | 1158 UR +ssq NE Aq Sg | 1158 UR Aq |
| + | MIDEAST: earthquakes destroy many towns in Syria, killing 20,000 | ||
| 1159 | ROME: Pope Alexander III (1159-1181) (strong, stable, traditionalist Pope) | 1159 UR +ssq NE Aq Sg | |
| + | ASIA: Sultan of Khorasan pushes Ghazni empire south out of Turkestan | ||
| 1160 | * ARTS: European vernacular verse developing (Song of Roland, El Cid, Parzival, Trystan) | 1160 UR -tri PL Aq Ge | |
| + | N AFRICA: Normans expelled by Almohades in Tunisia (retreating to Italy) | ||
| + | JAPAN: civil war, then Taira clan dominance under Kiyomori (1160-81) | ||
| 1161 | N EUROPE: first German Hansa trading ports at Wisby, Gotland & Luebeck, in Baltic Sea | 1161 UR -tri PL Aq Ge | |
| + | INNOVN: explosives first used in China (by Sung armies against Chin/Jurchen Tungus tribes) | ||
| 1162 | BRITAIN: Thomas a Becket elected Archbishop of Canterbury | 1162 Sa OPPN PL Sg Ge | |
| + | HRE: Frederick Barbarossa campaigns in Italy, destroying Milan | ||
| 1163 | BRITAIN: friction between Henry II & Thomas a Becket; Becket leaves for France 1164 | 1163 Sa OPPN PL Sg Ge | |
| + | EURASIA: Rabbi Benjamin of Tudela visits Persia, C Asia & China (small effect in Europe) | ||
| 1164 | E EUROPE: Kuman tribes invade Bulgaria | ||
| + | |||
| 1165 | E EUROPE: Byzantium expands into Balkans, interferes in Hungary; alliance with Venice against HRE | 1165 UR +sxt NE Aq Sg | 1165 NE Cp |
| + | |||
| 1166 | 1166 UR +sxt NE Pi Cp | 1166 UR Pi | |
| + | 1166 NE Cp | ||
| 1167 | HRE: Frederick I Barbarossa crowned Holy Roman Emperor in Rome | 1167 UR +sxt NE Pi Cp | |
| + | BRITAIN: Oxford university founded | ||
| 1168 | RUSSIA: coup d'etat in Kiev by Bogolubsky | ||
| + | * IRELAND: Norman lordly families move to Ireland by invitation to help restore order after clan wars | ||
| 1169 | * C EUROPE: eastward move of German traders (est of towns, trade, roads, agriculture) | ||
| + | C AMERICA: FALL OF THE TOLTEC STATE – sack of Tula, Toltec capital | ||
| 1170 | * SE ASIA: SRIVIJAYA KINGDOM in JAVA reaches its height under Shailendra dynasty | 1170 UR -SQR PL Pi Ge | |
| + | BYZANTIUM: Manuel I detains all Venetian traders; trade privileges renewed 1176 | ||
| + | BRITAIN: Thomas a Becket & Henry II reconciled, yet Becket murdered by Norman fundamentalists | ||
| 1171 | ISLAM: Kurdish Saladin conquers Egypt, usurps Fatimids, for Zangids in Damascus (ends Islamic disunity) | 1171 UR -SQR PL Pi Ge | |
| + | MIDEAST: Saladin founds Ayyubid dynasty (1171-1250) in Egypt | ||
| + | IRELAND: Norman Henry II asserts supremacy over a chaotic Ireland (beginning English rule) | ||
| 1172 | ITALY: constitutional reform in Venice (restricting power of Doges) | 1172 UR -SQR PL Pi Ge | |
| + | 1173 UR Ar | ||
| 1173 | FRANCE: beginning of Waldensian movement at Lyons, Burgundy (poverty, evangelical purity) | ||
| + | |||
| 1174 | HRE: Frederick Barbarossa buys Sardinia, Corsica, Tuscany & Spoleto (Italy) (HRE expansionism) | 1174 UR Ar | |
| + | |||
| 1175 | INDIA: MUHAMMED OF GHAZNI founds first MUSLIM EMPIRE in INDIA (to become Delhi Sultanate) | ||
| + | |||
| 1176 | ITALY: Frederick Barbarossa defeated by the Lombard League (supporting Pope Alexander) | ||
| + | MIDEAST: Saladin conquers Syria | ||
| 1177 | * E EUROPE: order & prosperity in Hungary under Ladislas I King of Hungary (1077-1095) | 1177 NE -qcx PL Cp Ge | |
| + | EUROPE: peace treaties between England & France, and HRE and Pope | ||
| 1178 | FRANCE: Frederick Barbarossa crowned King of Burgundy; le Pont d'Avignon opened | 1178 NE -qcx PL Cp Ge | |
| + | |||
| 1179 | 1179 Sa CONJ PL Ge Ge | 1179 NE Aq | |
| + | 1179 NE -qcx PL Cp Ge | 1179 PL Cn | |
| 1180 | * SE ASIA: Buddhist ANGKOR at greatest extent and development in Cambodia | 1180 NE on S Node | 1180 PL Cn |
| + | BRITAIN: Ranulf de Glanville reforms England's judicial system | 1180 NE -qcx PL Aq Cn | |
| 1181 | 1181 UR -sxt PL Ta Cn | 1181 UR Ta | |
| + | 1181 UR +SQR NE Ta Aq | ||
| 1182 | FRANCE: Jews banished from France; most head for Germany (growth of German Jewish community) | 1181 NE -qcx PL Aq Cn | |
| + | 1182 UR +SQR NE Ta Aq | ||
| 1183 | BYZANTIUM: purges & attempted reforms in empire & court by Andronicus I; revolt of nobility | 1182 UR -sxt PL Ta Cn | |
| + | HRE: Peace of Konstanz, Lombard League submits to overlordship of HRE | 1183 UR +SQR NE Ta Aq | |
| 1184 | GERMANY: Diet of Mainz, zenith of Frederick Barbarossa's power as Holy Roman Emperor | 1184 UR +SQR NE Ta Aq | |
| + | ROME: Pope declares dissenting Christian groups heretical (Cathari, Albigensians, Waldensians) | ||
| + | MED'N: Cyprus becomes independent of Byzantium | ||
| 1185 | JAPAN: Minamoto & Taira clans battle for Shogunate at Danno-ura; Minamoto dominance until 1333 | ||
| + | BYZANTIUM: revolt in Bulgaria (devast'n, killing of Greeks); brothers Asen est Bulgarian state | ||
| 1186 | C ASIA: Mohammed of Ghor destroys the empire of Ghazni (999-1186) | 1186 UR -ssq PL Ta Cn | |
| + | |||
| 1187 | MIDEAST: SALADIN RETAKES JERUSALEM – fall of Crusaders (call in Europe for new crusade) | 1187 PL on N Node | |
| + | INDIA: Punjab falls to turkic Afghan Muizzuddin Mohammed of Khorasan; Rajputs fall | 1187 UR -ssq PL Ta Cn | |
| 1188 | MIDEAST: Saladin destroys Crusader kingdoms in Syria & Palestine | 1188 UR Ge | |
| + | * EUROPE: first building of larger European naval fleets (ie Venice, Genoa) | ||
| 1189 | BYZANTIUM: Third Crusade (inconclusive; Germans & Byzantines avoid clash; last great crusade) | 1189 UR Ge | |
| + | BRITAIN: Richard I Coeur de Lion, King of England (1189-99); massacre of Jews in England | ||
| 1190 | ASIA: Temujin creates a Mongol confederacy & military power (becomes Genghiz Khan in 1206) | 1190 UR on N Node | |
| + | MIDEAST: foundation of Teutonic Knights, in Acre; INDIA; Muin ud-Din Chishti brings Sufism to India | ||
| + | GERMANY: death by drowning of Frederick I Barbarossa; Hohenstaufen line (1190-1268) begins | ||
| 1191 | MED'N: Richard Coeur de Lion conquers Cyprus, selling it to Knights Templars | 1191 UR -ssx PL Ge Cn | |
| + | INDIA: Mohammed of Ghor overcomes the Indian Rajputs (landed princes) | ||
| 1192 | * AMERICAS: ZENITH of SECOND ERA of TOLTEC CIVILISATION in Yucatan, Mexico | 1192 UR -ssx PL Ge Cn | |
| + | JAPAN: KAMAKURA SHOGUNATE (1192-1333); dual rule of Kyoto emperor & Minamoto Shoguns | ||
| + | (feudal power, overseas trade, more justice, militarism, economic changes); Shogun Yoritomo (1185-99) | ||
| + | C EUROPE: Richard Couer de Lion captured by Duke of Austria (expansion of Austrian influence) | ||
| 1193 | JAPAN: Zen Buddhist order founded (becoming core of Samurai spartan military cult) | 1193 NE -sqt PL Pi Cn | 1193 NE Pi |
| + | MIDEAST: death of Saladin the Saracen (taunter of Crusaders, ending Arab threat to Byzantium) | ||
| 1194 | BRITAIN: on release from captivity, Richard I Coeur de Lion re-crowned King of England | 1194 NE -sqt PL Pi Cn | |
| + | SCANDNVA: the 'Elder Edda' chronicle of Scandinavian pagan mythology | ||
| + | CHINA: Yellow River changes course (to south of Shantung, until 1853, flooding disaster) | ||
| 1195 | INDIA: Mohammed of Ghor takes Delhi 1193, Bihar 1197, Bengal 1199 | 1195 NE -sqt PL Pi Cn | |
| + | |||
| 1196 | * N AMERICA: construction of temple mounds at Moundville, Alabama | 1196 UR +tri NE Cn Pi | 1195 UR Cn |
| + | 1196 Sa OPPN PL Cp Cn | ||
| 1197 | GERMANY: civil war in Germany (1197-1214) | 1196 NE -sqt PL Pi Cn | |
| + | 1197 UR +tri NE Cn Pi | ||
| 1198 | ROME: Pope Innocent III (1198-1216) elected (high point in history of Papacy) | 1197 NE -sqt PL Pi Cn | |
| + | * S AMERICA: rise of Chimu empire – Chimu conquer coastal valleys of Peru | 1198 UR +tri NE Cn Pi | |
| 1199 | BRITAIN: founding of Liverpool (to become world's greatest port by 1850) | ||
| + | GERMANY: German princes confirm their right to elect German king, at Diet of Speyer |
| 1200 | * W AFRICA: RISE OF EMPIRE OF MALI (Niger, gold-trading) and HAUSA CITY-STATES (Nigeria) | ||
| + | * C AMERICA: Aztecs occupy the Valley of Mexico (prelude to becoming dominant nation) | ||
| + | BRITAIN: Cambridge university founded | ||
| 1201 | * IDEAS: development of Jewish Qabbalistic philosophy in Spain | 1201 UR CONJ PL Cn Cn | 1201 UR Le |
| + | E EUROPE: Teutonic Knights (Brethren of the Sword) found Riga, begin colonisation of Estonia | 1201 PL Le | |
| 1202 | EUROPE: Fourth Crusade, alliance of Franks & Venetians (starts badly, turns against Byzantium) | 1202 UR +sqt NE Le Pi | 1202 UR Le |
| + | * N AFRICA: Saharan state of Kanem-Bornu at zenith of development | 1202 PL Le | |
| 1203 | SCANDNVA: Snorri Sturlasson (1178-1241), historian & saga writer in Iceland, at work | 1203 UR +sqt NE Le Pi | 1203 PL Le |
| + | C ASIA: Genghiz Khan defeats his rival, Ongkan (prelude to dramatic Mongol expansion) | ||
| 1204 | BYZANTIUM: Crusaders take Byzantium, found Latin Empire (1204-61, Greece, Bosporus, Antioch) | 1204 UR +sqt NE Le Pi | |
| + | INDIA: Mohammed of Ghor completes conquest of N India | ||
| 1205 | E EUROPE: clashes between Bulgars (with Kumans) and Frankish crusaders around Byzantium | 1205 UR +sqt NE Le Pi | |
| + | BENELUX: founding of Amsterdam | ||
| 1206 | ASIA: Genghiz Khan unites Mongol tribes, begins the conquest of Eurasia (Hsia-Hsia kingdom falls) | 1206 NE Ar | |
| + | INDIA: SULTANATE OF DELHI FOUNDED after death of Mohammed of Ghor, by slave general Aibak | ||
| 1207 | E EUROPE: Bulgars overrun Thrace & Macedonia (exterminating many Greeks) | 1207 NE Ar | |
| + | * PACIFIC OCEAN: development of early Polynesian island chiefdom-states | 1207 UR Vi | |
| 1208 | FRANCE: Crusade against the anti-clerical Albigensians (Manichaean Cathars) in SW France (until 1213) | 1208 UR +qcx NE Vi Ar | 1208 UR Vi |
| + | MIDEAST: Theodore Lascaris creates empire of Nicaea out of Byzantine territories in W Anatolia | ||
| 1209 | BRITAIN: John, King of England (1199-1216) invades Scotland, is excommunicated by Pope | 1209 UR +qcx NE Vi Ar | |
| + | HRE: Otto IV crowned HRE in Rome; excommunicated 1210 by Pope Innocent III (1198-1216) | ||
| 1210 | IDEAS: the ministry of St Francis of Assisi; reform rules of Franciscan brotherhood issued | 1210 UR +qcx NE Vi Ar | |
| + | SCANDNVA: under Waldemar II the Conqueror (1202-41) Denmark gains Norway, Estonia, Courland | ||
| 1211 | C ASIA: EARLY CONQUESTS of GENGHIZ KHAN; N China invaded (1211-15, breaching Great Wall) | 1211 Sa CONJ PL Le Le | |
| + | 1211 UR +qcx NE Vi Ar | ||
| 1212 | IBERIA: Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (Christians break Muslim power in much of Iberia) | 1211 UR +ssx PL Vi Le | |
| + | EUROPE: Children's Crusade (fails, children land up sold into slavery in Saracen Egypt) | 1212 Sa CONJ PL Le Le | |
| + | MED'N: expansive Venice conquers Crete (strategic Mediterranean base) | ||
| 1213 | IBERIA: Jaime I K of Aragon (1213-76) (strengthens Aragon, takes Balearic Isles, fights Islam) | ||
| + | BRITAIN: King John submits to Pope Innocent III (England & Ireland become papal fiefs) | ||
| 1214 | BRITAIN: Council of St Albans (precursor to English Parliament) | 1214 NE -tri PL Ar Le | 1214 UR Li |
| + | W EUROPE: Philip II of France (1180-1223) defeats both Germany & England at Battle of Bouvines | ||
| 1215 | BRITAIN: KING JOHN SIGNS MAGNA CARTA (permitting aristocratic oligarchy in England) | 1215 NE -tri PL Ar Le | |
| + | * INDIA: Islamic architecture & culture enter India (Sultanate of Delhi) ; Indian Buddhism gradually dies out | ||
| 1216 | BRITAIN: Henry III (1216-72); attempted French invasion, defeated 1217 at Lincoln & Sandwich | 1216 NE -tri PL Ar Le | |
| + | CHINA: Beijing falls to Genghiz Khan | 1216 UR +ssq PL Li Le | |
| 1217 | N AFRICA: failure of Christian Crusade against Sultanate of Egypt | 1217 NE -tri PL Ar Le | |
| + | C ASIA: Genghiz Khan vanquishes Kara-Khitai empire in Siberia | 1217 UR +ssq PL Li Le | |
| 1218 | MIDEAST: Fifth Crusade (1218-21) (disorganised and inconclusive) | 1218 NE -tri PL Ar Le | 1218 PL Vi |
| + | PERSIA: Mongols under Genghiz Khan conquer Persia (Khwarizm dominated) | ||
| 1219 | JAPAN: Hojo period; Hojo clan dominate Kyoto regency (efficient administration & justice) | 1219 NE -tri PL Ar Le | 1219 PL Vi |
| + | C ASIA: Bokhara, Samarkand & Khorasan taken by the Mongols | 1219 NE Ta | |
| 1220 | * SE ASIA: emergence of the first Thai kingdom of Siam | 1220 NE -tri PL Ta Vi | 1220 NE Ta |
| + | EUROPE: Henry III K of Eng (1216-72); Frederick II HRE (1220-50); son Henry K of Ger (1220-35) | 1220 UR OPPN NE Sc Ta | 1220 PL Vi |
| + | RUSSIA: Mongols advance into Russia & Ukraine (1220-23) | ||
| 1221 | C EUROPE: Vienna becomes a city (to become great capital of Austrian empire) | 1221 NE -tri PL Ta Vi | 1220 UR Sc |
| + | EUROPE: Pope surrenders 'Regalia' (markets, coinage, customs, legal autonomy) to HRE princes | 1221 UR OPPN NE Sc Ta | 1221 UR Sc |
| + | C AMERICA: end of Toltecs in Chichen Itza – conquest by Mayapan Mayans | ||
| 1222 | E EUROPE: powers & feudal privileges of nobility increase in Hungary (Golden Bull) | 1222 NE -tri PL Ta Vi | |
| + | GERMANY: Common Law, landowning & feudal laws recorded by von Repkow in 'Sachsenspiegel' | 1222 UR OPPN NE Sc Ta | |
| 1223 | E EUROPE: Mongols beat Russians & Kumans, but retire to C Asia until 1237 (overextended) | 1222 HALLEY'S COMET | |
| + | C EUROPE: Andreas II of Hungary (1205-35) (creates laws, rights, protection & nat'l assembly) | 1223 NE -tri PL Ta Vi | |
| 1224 | W EUROPE: war between England & France (1224-27); ends in truce | 1223 UR OPPN NE Sc Ta | |
| + | GERMANY: Henry VII of Germany declares Public Peace at Wurzburg | 1223 UR +sxt PL Sc Vi | |
| + | * ROME: gradual decline in power of Papacy, and resurgence of secular forces in HRE | 1224 NE -tri PL Ta Vi | |
| 1225 | * E EUROPE: German colonisation of towns & lands in E Europe reaching peak (slowing by 1300) | 1225 NE -tri PL Ta Vi | |
| + | ITALY: HRE reorganisation of S Italy (admin, taxation, law codification, 1221-31) | ||
| 1226 | E EUROPE: Teutonic Knights commissioned by Polish dukes to conquer & convert pagan Prussia | 1226 NE -tri PL Ta Vi | |
| + | * ASIA: Mongol invasions close Silk Roads, Eurasian traffic moves to Arabian sea lanes | ||
| 1227 | C ASIA: Genghiz Khan dies (warrior & administrator); Mongol emp div in four, capital Karakorum | 1227 NE -tri PL Ta Vi | 1227 UR Sg |
| + | SCANDNVA: Bt of Bornhoeved, Danish Waldemar II loses all terr gains (Baltic trade grows) | ||
| 1228 | N AFRICA: Hafsid dynasty established in Tunisia | 1228 NE -tri PL Ta Vi | 1228 UR Sg |
| + | MIDEAST: Sixth Crusade gains key areas in Palestine until 1244 | ||
| 1229 | JAPAN: monk Dogen introduces Soto Zen Buddhism from China | 1229 NE -tri PL Ta Vi | |
| + | MIDEAST: HRE Frederick II crowned King of Jerusalem (makes treaty with Sultan of Egypt) | ||
| 1230 | HRE: Pope and Emperor resolve differences, Frederick II absolved as result of crusade | 1230 NE -tri PL Ta Vi | |
| + | C EUROPE: Wenceslas I, (Good) King of Bohemia (1230-53); EUROPE: leprosy imported by Crusaders | 1230 Sa OPPN PL Pi Vi | |
| + | IBERIA: union of kgdms of Castile and Leon (early formation of Spain) | 1230 UR on S Node | |
| 1231 | GERMANY: founding of Berlin; alliance of Hamburg & Luebeck (birth of Hansa League) | 1231 NE -tri PL Ta Vi | |
| + | 1231 Sa OPPN PL Pi Vi | 1232 PL Li | |
| 1232 | ASIA: Ugudei Khan completes conquest & organisation of N China, Samarkand & Persia | 1232 NE -tri PL Ta Vi | |
| + | INDIA: Shamsuddin Iltutmish, Sultan of Delhi (1211-36) (intros Islamic architecture & culture) | ||
| 1233 | BRITAIN: rebellion in S Wales behind Earl of Pembroke | 1233 NE -tri PL Ta Vi | 1233 PL Li |
| + | EUROPE: Pope gives Dominican Order the task of carrying out Inquisition against heretics | 1233 NE Ge | |
| 1234 | CHINA: Mongols annex the Ch'in empire in N China, entering capital, Kaifeng | 1234 NE -tri PL Ge Li | 1234 NE Ge |
| + | INNOVN: earliest use of cast metal movable type for printing books, Korea | 1234 UR Cp | |
| 1235 | GERMANY: Public Peace of Mainz (germanisation and reorganisation of HRE law) | 1235 NE -tri PL Ge Li | |
| + | INDIA: Delhi Sultanate expands to stretch from Sind to Bengal | 1235 UR -qcx NE Cp Ge | |
| + | BRITAIN: plague & famine in England (20,000 die in London alone) | ||
| 1236 | E EUROPE: Mongols of Subutei & Batu conq Russia (1236-9); Kiev & Moscow fall, Novgorod tribute | 1236 NE -tri PL Ge Li | |
| + | RUSSIA: Aleksander Nevsky, Grand Duke of Novgorod (1236-63) | 1236 UR +SQR PL Cp Li | |
| + | IBERIA: Arabs lose great city of Cordoba to Castile (tips balance of power in Spain) | 1236 UR -qcx NE Cp Ge | |
| 1237 | CHINA: Mongols secure 4030 scholar mandarins for civilian administration in China | 1237 UR +SQR PL Cp Li | |
| + | HRE: Jews designated as servants of HRE (to give them protection and guarantee Imp solvency) | 1237 UR -qcx NE Cp Ge | |
| 1238 | W AFRICA: ascendancy of Mali, led by Sundiata Keita (gold wealth, trans-Saharan trade) | 1238 UR +SQR PL Cp Li | |
| + | N AMERICA: ZENITH OF MISSISSIPPIAN CULTURE (riverine trading temple-cities, Mississippi) | 1239 UR +SQR PL Cp Li | |
| 1239 | RUSSIA: Aleksander Nevsky beats attacking Swedes at Neva (Russian national growth) | 1239 UR +SQR PL Cp Li | |
| + | |||
| 1240 | BRITAIN: clear border & peace agreed between England & Scotland | ||
| + | MIDEAST: private, unsupported crusade of Simon de Montfort & Richard of Cornwall to Haifa | ||
| 1241 | C EUROPE: Bt of Liegnitz, MONGOLS INVADE CENTRAL EUROPE -- Poland, Hungary and Bohemia | ||
| + | E EUROPE: Europe saved from Mongol invasion by death of Ogedei Khan; Mongols retreat | ||
| 1242 | RUSSIA: Aleksander Nevsky of Novgorod defeats attacking German & Lithuanian Teutonic Knights | 1242 UR Aq | |
| + | RUSSIA: Mongol Batu Khan establishes Golden Horde (Kipchak Khanate) in Ukraine (threatening Russia) | ||
| 1243 | C EUROPE: collapse of Hungary (after Mongols) & friction with Bohemia; Arpad line dies 1301 | 1243 UR -sqt NE Aq Ge | 1243 PL Sc |
| + | |||
| 1244 | MIDEAST: Jerusalem lost by Christians (to Egyptians, for last time until 1917) | 1244 UR -sqt NE Aq Ge | 1244 PL Sc |
| + | MIDEAST: Mongols beat Seljuks at Erzinjan in Anatolia (ravaging Mesopotamia, Armenia, Georgia) | ||
| 1245 | HRE: emperor Frederick II deposed by Council of Lyons; 1246 seizes Austria & Styria, dies 1250 | 1245 UR -sqt NE Aq Ge | |
| + | EURASIA: travels of John of Pian to Mongolia (to build Euro-Mongol alliance against Islam) | ||
| 1246 | SE ASIA: downfall of Buddhist kgdm of Haripunjaya (Siam), overrun by migrating Shan peoples | 1246 PL Peri 4Sc | 1246 NE Cn |
| + | 1246 UR -sqt NE Aq Cn | ||
| 1247 | * IDEAS: Roger Bacon (1214-94), philosopher, at work (stresses experimentation & experience) | 1247 NE Cn | |
| + | W AFRICA: founding of kingdom of Benin (Nigeria, artistic flowering) | ||
| 1248 | MIDEAST: Seventh Crusade (1248-54) fails in Egypt; Louis IX of France ransomed | 1248 Sa CONJ PL Sc Sc | |
| + | MED'N: expansive trading Genoa (rival to Venice) conquers Rhodos | ||
| 1249 | ITALY: growing commercial rivalry leads to long war between Venice & Genoa (1253-99) | 1249 UR Pi | |
| + | W AFRICA: Malinke becomes the dominant gold-trading state of W Africa | ||
| 1250 | HRE: collapse of imperial power in Germany and Italy, on death of Emp Frederick II | 1250 UR Pi | |
| + | SCANDNVA: Folkunga Birger Jarl, K of Sweden (1250-66) (builds towns, ests trade, laws & gov't) | ||
| 1251 | IBERIA: nascent Portugal (not yet a state) conquers Algarve | ||
| + | ASIA: Mongka, Great Khan (1251-9, son of a Nestorian); Kublai Khan governor of N China | ||
| 1252 | IBERIA: Castile becomes strong under Alfonso X the Wise (1252-84) (growth of towns & learning) | 1252 UR -tri NE Pi Cn | |
| + | EUROPE: the Inquisition begins to use torture (Christian intolerance growing) | ||
| + | CHINA: Mongol conquest of Song China (south China) starts (Kublai Khan) | ||
| 1253 | E EUROPE: Ottokar II K of Bohemia (1253-1278) (expansion & prosperity, 60 German towns est'd) | 1253 UR -tri NE Pi Cn | |
| + | INNOVN: linen first made in England; EURASIA: travels of William of Rubruck to Mongolia | ||
| 1254 | FRANCE: founding of Paris School of Theology (later the Sorbonne) | 1254 UR -tri NE Pi Cn | |
| + | HRE: decline of Hohenstaufen line (loss of power in Italy & France, political chaos in Germany) | ||
| 1255 | EUROPE: founding of Prague and Stockholm as cities (medieval Euro trade & culture network) | 1255 UR -tri NE Pi Cn | |
| + | N EUROPE: first Hansa League formed by Luebeck, Hamburg, Wismar, Rostock | ||
| 1256 | PERSIA: Ilkhan Mongols invade Persia (Hulagu Khan, initiating a line which lasts to 1349) | 1256 UR +tri PL Pi Sc | 1256 PL Sg |
| + | MED'N: start of 'Hundred Years War' between trading cities Genoa & Venice | ||
| 1257 | CHINA: Mongol capital moved to Shang-Tu (N of Beijing) (relig tolerance, Buddhism favoured) | 1257 UR +tri PL Ar Sg | 1257 UR Ar |
| + | BRITAIN: Llewellyn takes title Prince of Wales (ests peace between England & Wales 1259) | ||
| 1258 | ASIA: MONGOLS OVERCOME ABBASID CALIPHATE (fall of Baghdad & Damascus as great cities) | 1258 UR +tri PL Ar Sg | 1258 UR Ar |
| + | BRITAIN: establishment of the House of Commons at Westminster, by Provisions of Oxford | ||
| 1259 | * EUROPE: St Thomas Aquinas (1225-74) active (defining Christian dogma) | 1259 UR +tri PL Ar Sg | |
| + | MIDEAST: Islamic Asia saved from Mongols by death of Mongka Khan (end of Mongol unity) | ||
| 1260 | CHINA: YUAN DYNASTY established as part of Mongol empire, under Kublai Khan, under Chinese law | 1260 UR +tri PL Ar Sg | 1260 NE Le |
| + | CHINA: Kublai, Great Khan (1260-94) ests social welfare, roadbuilding, post services in China | ||
| + | ITALY: Joachim of Flore predicts arrival of Anti-Christ (growing religious paranoia in Europe) | ||
| 1261 | BYZANTIUM: Greek empire restored in Byzantium (until 1453); Latin empire dies | 1261 NE Le | |
| + | N AFRICA: Mamluks protect Islamic culture by stalling Mongols at Battle of Ain Jalut, Palestine | ||
| 1262 | * IDEAS: German Albertus Magnus (1193-1280) (scientist & philosopher) at work | 1262 NE on N Node | |
| + | PERSIA: HULAGU KHAN FOUNDS IL-KHAN EMPIRE (1262-1336)(Samarkand, Persia & Georgia) | ||
| 1263 | BRITAIN: Haakon of Norway defeated by Scots at Largs, ceding Hebrides to Scotland | ||
| + | N AFRICA: MAMLUK SULTANATE in Egypt (1260-1517, formed by Turkic palace guard from Ukraine) | ||
| 1264 | ASIA: Kublai Khan reunites Mongol empire; constructs Khanbalik (Beijing) from 1267 | 1264 UR Ta | |
| + | IDEAS: Thomas Aquinas' 'Summa contra Gentiles' ('Against the Heathens') | ||
| 1265 | IDEAS: Roger Bacon's 'De Computo Naturali' & 'Opus Maius' | 1265 UR +sqt PL Ta Sg | 1265 UR Ta |
| + | |||
| 1266 | ITALY: Pope calls in Charles d'Anjou to clear Italy of Germans; Bt of Benevento (Germans lose) | 1266 Sa OPPN PL Ge Sg | |
| + | ASIA: Mangu-Timur, Great Khan of Golden Horde (1266-80) (ind of Mongol Confed, declining) | 1266 UR +sqt PL Ta Sg | |
| 1267 | 1267 Sa OPPN PL Ge Sg | ||
| + | 1267 UR +sqt PL Ta Sg | ||
| 1268 | MIDEAST: earthquake kills 60,000, destroying city of Cieilia, Asia Minor | 1268 UR -SQR NE Ta Le | |
| + | 1268 UR +sqt PL Ta Sg | ||
| 1269 | 1269 UR -SQR NE Ta Le | 1269 PL Cp | |
| + | |||
| 1270 | EUROPE: Eighth Crusade (attacks Tunis, nothing accomplished) | 1270 UR -SQR NE Ta Le | 1270 PL Cp |
| + | E AFRICA: Solomonid dynasty comes to power in Coptic Ethiopia | ||
| 1271 | BRITAIN: Wales becoming ungovernable (national revival); rise of the Llewellyns of Snowdon | 1271 UR -SQR NE Ta Le | 1271 UR Ge |
| + | INNOVN: invention of the mechanical clock | ||
| 1272 | BRITAIN: Edward I, King of England (1272-1307) ('England's Justinian') | 1272 UR +qcx PL Ge Cp | 1272 UR Ge |
| + | |||
| 1273 | GERMANY: Rudolf, Count of Hapsburg, elected King of Germany (beginning of Hapsburg dynasty) | 1273 UR +qcx PL Ge Cp | 1273 NE Vi |
| + | IDEAS: Thomas Aquinas' 'Summa Theologica' (his main theological work) | ||
| 1274 | JAPAN: Kublai Khan attempts and fails to conquer Japan (beaten off by Samurai knights) | 1274 UR on N Node | 1274 NE Vi |
| + | CHINA: Kublai Khan confers power of a Tibetan Lama, Phags-pa, to be Chief Teacher to Mongols | 1274 UR +qcx PL Ge Cp | |
| 1275 | CHINA: Marco Polo (1254-1354, Venetian) arrives in China; Nestorian Archbishopric founded in Beijing | 1275 PL on S Node | |
| + | IDEAS: Moses de Leon's 'Zohar' (major work on Jewish faith) | 1275 UR +qcx PL Ge Cp | |
| 1276 | SCANDNVA: Magnus Ladulas, K of Sweden (1275-90) (ests nobility, knighthood, order in Sweden) | ||
| + | |||
| 1277 | BRITAIN: Roger Bacon imprisoned for heresy until 1292 | ||
| + | |||
| 1278 | C EUROPE: Wenceslas II King of Bohemia (1278-1305); King of Poland 1300, Hungary 1301 | 1278 UR Cn | |
| + | C EUROPE: Habsburgs establish themselves in Austria (on downfall of Bohemian Ottokar II) | ||
| 1279 | CHINA: MONGOLS INVADE SOUTH CHINA, at last ending the long-lived Sung (Song) dynasty | 1279 UR Cn | |
| + | |||
| 1280 | E EUROPE: Bulgarian Asen dynasty fails (Bulgaria encroached by Greeks, Serbs & Mongols) | ||
| + | CHINA: Kublai Khan (Emp Shih-Tsu) extends Yuan dynasty (1280-1368) throughout all of China | ||
| + | SE ASIA: Srivijaya (Sumatra) invaded by Singhasari (Java); dynasty lasts 12 years | ||
| 1281 | ASIA: disastrous attempted Mongol invasion of Japan (defeated by typhoon); decline of Hojo gov't | ||
| + | |||
| 1282 | ITALY: massacre of French in Sicily ('Sicilian Vespers') by local burghers seeking autonomy | ||
| + | GERMANY: Rudolf Hapsburg gives Austria & Styria to his sons (seeds of future Habsburg empire) | ||
| 1283 | E EUROPE: Teutonic Order completes its conquering of Prussia | 1283 UR OPPN PL Cn Cp | |
| + | BRITAIN: Edward I subdues Welsh revival (Llewellyns killed); Statute of Wales declared | 1283 UR -sxt NE Cn Vi | |
| 1284 | ITALY: Genoa defeats Pisa (end of Pisa's major influence); Florence Italy's leading trading city | 1284 UR OPPN PL Cn Cp | |
| + | GERMANY: 'Pied Piper of Hamelin' | 1284 UR -sxt NE Cn Vi | |
| 1285 | SE ASIA: abortive Mongol expeditions against Annam & Champa, Vietnam (becoming tributaries) | 1284 Sa CONJ PL Cp Cp | 1285 UR Le |
| + | MIDEAST: Osman I expands Osmanli (Ottoman) territory (NW Anatolia) taken from ailing Byzantium | 1285 UR OPPN PL Cn Cp | |
| 1286 | 1286 UR OPPN PL Cn Cp | 1286 UR Le | |
| + | 1286 NE -tri PL Vi Cp | 1286 PL Aq | |
| 1287 | EUROPE: first Persian Ilkhan embassy to W Europe (also 1289, 1290, 1307) | 1287 NE -tri PL Vi Cp | 1287 PL Aq |
| + | SE ASIA: Mongols of Kublai Khan pillage Pagan, capital of Burma | 1287 NE Li | |
| + | GERMANY: 'Public Peace' declared by Rudolf Hapsburg at Diet of Wurzburg | ||
| 1288 | MIDEAST: Osman I (1288-1326), founder of Turkish Ottoman empire | 1288 NE -tri PL Li Aq | 1288 NE Li |
| + | C AMERICA: Quiche Maya conquer the Pokomam Maya (Guatemala) | ||
| 1289 | INDIA: Khalji dynasty (1289-1320) of Delhi (minority Afghan regime, repressive, militaristic) | 1289 NE -tri PL Li Aq | |
| + | * INNOVN: block printing in use in Italy (learned from China via Mongols) | 1289 UR -ssq NE Le Li | |
| + | EURASIA: Pope sends John of Montecorvino to establish Catholic archbishopric in Beijing | ||
| 1290 | EURASIA: Expansion of trade & cultural relations across Eurasia (1290-1340) (big stable empires) | 1290 NE -tri PL Li Aq | |
| + | INNOVN: spectacles invented in Italy | 1290 UR -ssq NE Le Li | |
| + | BRITAIN: expulsion of Jews from England (jealousy over trading & moneylending rights) | ||
| 1291 | EUROPE: seed of Swiss Confederation: Eternal Union of Uri, Schwyz & Unterwalden (Wm Tell myth) | 1291 NE -tri PL Li Aq | 1291 UR Vi |
| + | MIDEAST: Mamluks conquer Acre, last Christian stronghold in Middle East (end of Crusading era) | ||
| + | MED'N: Knights of St John evacuate to Cyprus from Palestine | ||
| 1292 | SE ASIA: Mongol naval expedition attacks Srivijaya Java (partially successful, tribute gained) | 1292 NE -tri PL Li Aq | 1292 UR Vi |
| + | SE ASIA: Singhasari dynasty falls, Java-Sumatra taken over by Majapahit | ||
| + | * SE ASIA: Muslim traders begin to introduce Islam to Malaya & Indonesia | ||
| 1293 | BRITAIN: Edward I codifies English Common Law & precedent in the 'Yearbooks' | 1293 NE -tri PL Li Aq | |
| + | OTTOMANS: Osman I, Ottoman chief in W Anatolia, founds the Ottoman dynasty | ||
| 1294 | * N EUROPE: Hanseatic League of trading cities consolidates, with Luebeck as leading city | 1294 NE -tri PL Li Aq | |
| + | CHINA: death of Kublai Khan (becalming & kinesifying of the Mongols) | 1294 UR -qcx PL Vi Aq | |
| 1295 | W EUROPE: first of many alliances between France & Scotland (against England) | 1295 UR -qcx PL Vi Aq | |
| + | ITALY: return of Marco Polo to Italy (from court of Kublai Khan, later jailed in Genoa) | 1295 UR -ssx NE Vi Li | |
| + | PERSIA: Mongol Ilkhans convert to Islam, distancing from the Mongol Great Khan | ||
| 1296 | BRITAIN: John Baliol cedes Scottish crown to Edward I; Stone of Scone taken to Westminster | 1296 UR -ssx NE Vi Li | |
| + | INDIA: C Asian Mongols invade NW India (from Astrakhan & Afghanistan) | ||
| + | INDIA: Aladain Khalji, Sult of Delhi (96-16) (expands influence, beats Rajputs, repression) | ||
| 1297 | BRITAIN: Scots defeat English at Bt of Stirling Bridge (William Wallace) | 1297 UR Li | |
| + | MED'N: Genoese defeat Venetians in a sea battle (rivalry for Med'n trading primacy) | ||
| + | IDEAS: Marco Polo's 'Book of Various Experiences' (on Asia) widens European horizons | ||
| 1298 | * SE ASIA: Islam moves into Indonesia through Sultanate of Malacca (Malaya) | 1298 UR -sqt PL Li Aq | 1298 UR Li |
| + | BRITAIN: Parliament gains legislative initiative, right of taxation; Houses of Lords & Commons started | ||
| 1299 | MIDEAST: Ottomans expand in Anatolia & Bosporus (Venice makes treaty to preserve trade) | 1299 UR -sqt PL Li Aq | |
| + | W EUROPE: treaty between France & Germany (Germany currently weak) |
| 1300 | * W AFRICA: development of kingdom of Benin in Nigeria (artistic renaissance) | 1300 Sa OPPN PL Le Aq | |
| + | BRITAIN: Edward I of England invades Scotland (to reclaim his title as king of Scotland) | 1300 UR -sqt PL Li Aq | |
| + | * W EUROPE: major trade fairs at Bruges, Antwerpen, Lyons & Geneve | ||
| 1301 | MIDEAST: Ottoman Osman I defeats Byzantines (gaining full control of Bosporus, Byzantium's lifeline) | 1301 HALLEY'S COMET | 1301 NE Sc |
| + | BRITAIN: Edward I's son made Prince of Wales: beginning of final subjugation of Wales | ||
| 1302 | BRITAIN: truce between England & Scotland (seeds of united Britain being established) | 1302 UR -tri PL Li Aq | 1302 NE Sc |
| + | BENELUX: rebellion against landlords & burgher oligarchies at Bruges | ||
| 1303 | FRANCE: convening of first States General (parliament of nobility); French kidnap Pope | 1303 UR -tri PL Li Aq | |
| + | ITALY: founding of university of Rome ; RUSSIA: growth of Muscovy begins (to become Russia) | ||
| 1304 | IDEAS: Meister Eckhart (1260-1327) (theologian & philosopher) at work | 1304 UR -tri PL Li Aq | 1304 UR Sc |
| + | * N AMERICA: decline of the Anasazi and other cultures in Arizona (climate change?) | ||
| 1305 | BRITAIN: standardisation of imperial weights & measures by Edward I of England | ||
| + | C EUROPE: conflict in Hungary (1301-08) after fall of Arpad dynasty | ||
| 1306 | FRANCE: Jews exiled by Philip IV; 1307 Knights Templars in France persecuted & dissolved | ||
| + | BRITAIN: Robert Bruce crowned king of Scotland, defeated twice by English | ||
| 1307 | CHINA: end of Mongol Yuan dynasty; Nestorian Archbishopric of Beijing grows | 1307 UR CONJ NE Sc Sc | 1307 PL Pi |
| + | W AFRICA: zenith of Mandingo (1307-32) under Gongo Musa; annexing Songhai in 1325 | ||
| 1308 | INDIA: conquest of Malwa & Deccan by Delhi Sultan Alauddin Khalji (raiding booty, anti-Hindu) | 1308 PL Pi | |
| + | |||
| 1309 | W EUROPE: Papacy moves from Rome to Avignon under French Pope Clement V (1305-9) | ||
| + | |||
| 1310 | MED'N: Knights of St John move from Cyprus to Rhodes (to stay there until 1522) | ||
| + | BRITAIN: Edward II (1307-27) appoints Lords Ordainers to improve governance of England | ||
| 1311 | C EUROPE: Karl I, K of Hungary (1310-42) (Anjou line) (restores order and remodels society) | 1311 UR Sg | |
| + | |||
| 1312 | ATLANTIC: Canary Islands rediscovered by Genoese sailors | 1312 UR -SQR PL Sg Pi | |
| + | |||
| 1313 | INNOVN: gunpowder invented by Friar Berthold Schwarz in Germany | 1313 UR -SQR PL Sg Pi | |
| + | RUSSIA: Mongol Golden Horde (Ukraine) converts to Islam | ||
| 1314 | BRITAIN: Scotland (Robert Bruce) defeats England at the Battle of Bannockburn | 1314 UR on S Node | |
| + | FRANCE: Grand Master of Knights Templars burned at stake for heresy | ||
| 1315 | C EUROPE: Swiss peasants beat Habsburg Leopold of Austria (strengthening Swiss League) | 1315 NE Sg | |
| + | EUROPE: disease & famine reduces popn of C & W Europe by 10% (1315-17) | ||
| 1316 | IRELAND: Edward Bruce crowned King of Ireland | 1316 NE Sg | |
| + | E EUROPE: Gedymin (1316-41), founder of Lithuania (largest territory in 1300s Europe) | ||
| 1317 | FRANCE: Salik law adopted in France (excluding women from throne of France) | ||
| + | E AFRICA: downfall of Christian Sahel kingdom of Makkura to Muslim Arab nomads | ||
| 1318 | IRELAND: Edward Bruce, King of Ireland, killed by English | 1318 Sa CONJ PL Pi Pi | 1318 UR Cp |
| + | C EUROPE: truce between nationalistic Swiss League & Austrian Habsburgs | ||
| 1319 | E EUROPE: final freeing & uniting of Poland by Vladislav IV of Krakow (1305-33) | ||
| + | * INDIA: DELHI SULTANATE AT ZENITH (trade, textiles, taxation, cosmopolitan) | ||
| 1320 | * ITALY: cultural revival in ITALY: Dante (1265-1321), Petrarch (1304-74) & Giotto (1266-1337) | ||
| + | * INDIA: Tughluk dynasty (1320-1413) inherits Delhi Sultanate (max extent of Delhi Sultanate, reforms) | ||
| 1321 | INNOVN: William of Occam (1285-1349) ('Occam's Razor', writes on facts, proof, knowledge) | 1321 UR +ssx NE Cp Sg | |
| + | BYZANTIUM: civil war (1321-54) in Byzantium (involving Greek, Latin & Orthodox groups) | ||
| 1322 | C EUROPE: Bavaria at war with Austria, Frederick of Austria loses | 1322 UR -sxt PL Cp Pi | |
| + | JAPAN: Emp Daigo II (1318-39) ends power of retired emperors, ends Kamakura shogunate 1333 | 1322 UR +ssx NE Cp Sg | |
| 1323 | INNOVN: Marsilius of Padua's 'Defensor Pacis' (secular state, church-state sep'n, popular sovereignty) | 1323 UR -sxt PL Cp Pi | |
| + | BRITAIN: end of wars between England & Scotland (Treaty of Edinburgh, 1328) | 1323 NE -SQR PL Sg Pi | |
| 1324 | W AFRICA: pilgrimage of Mansa Musa of Mali to Mecca (Mali source of 60% of world's gold) | 1324 NE -SQR PL Sg Pi | |
| + | ROME: excommunication of Louis the Bavarian (last Papal intervention in HRE German succession) | ||
| 1325 | RUSSIA: Ivan I (1325-41) begins retrieval of Muscovy from Mongols (rise of Russian identity) | 1325 NE -SQR PL Sg Pi | |
| + | * AMERICAS: ARRIVAL OF AZTECS in Valley of Mexico, Tenochtitlan founded (military & trading power) | ||
| + | CHINA: famine kills 8 million people (out of 45m), hastening Yuan disintegration | ||
| + | INDIA: Mohammed ibn Tughluk, Delhi Sultan (1325-51) (expands Sultanate; destroys Indian Buddhism) | ||
| + | EURASIA: travels of Moroccan Ibn Batuta to Africa, Arabia, India, Russia, China, Sahel (27-49) | ||
| 1326 | BRITAIN: Isabella (wife of Edward II) & Roger Mortimer invade England, capturing Edward II | 1326 NE -SQR PL Sg Pi | 1326 UR Aq |
| + | MIDEAST: expansion of Ottoman lands in NW Anatolia ; EUROPE: first use of cannons, by Florence | ||
| 1327 | GERMANY: great fire of Munchen (city burnt down, later totally rebuilt | 1327 NE -SQR PL Sg Pi | |
| + | BRITAIN: Edward III, King of England (1327-1377); Justices of Peace appointed as law judges | ||
| 1328 | * AMERICAS: Aztecs establish Tenochtitlan (Mexico City, largest city in world in year 2000) | 1328 UR -ssq PL Aq Pi | |
| + | FRANCE: end of Capetian dynasty; rise of House of Valois (1328-1498) Philip VI ,K of France (1328-50) | ||
| + | HRE: Louis IV of Bavaria HRE (1328-47) crowned in Rome; deposes Pope John XXII for heresy | ||
| 1329 | RUSSIA: Ivan I, Grand Duke (1328-41) (makes Moscow his capital, moving from Novgorod) | 1329 UR +ssq NE Aq Cp | 1329 NE Cp |
| + | |||
| 1330 | BRITAIN: David II, King of Scotland (1329-71) | 1330 UR +ssq NE Aq Cp | |
| + | HRE: Habsburgs submit to Louis IV of Bavaria as HR Emperor (competitiveness for throne) | ||
| 1331 | JAPAN: imperial restoration of Ashikaga Daigo II, Emp of Japan (fall of Kamakura power) | 1331 UR +ssq NE Aq Cp | |
| + | E EUROPE: Stephan Dushan, king of Serbia (1331-55), unites most of Balkans (seeking Byzantine power) | ||
| 1332 | ASIA: beginning of BLACK DEATH bubonic plague in SW China (during a famine) | 1332 Sa OPPN PL Vi Pi | |
| + | SCANDNVA: anarchy in Denmark (1332-40) (German & Hansa meddling); Valdemar IV (1340-75) | ||
| 1333 | * IBERIA: ZENITH of ARAB GRENADAN CULTURE under Yusuf I Almohad Caliph (1333-54) | 1333 Sa OPPN PL Li Ar | 1333 UR Pi |
| + | INDIA: repression & overtaxation in India by Tughluk Sultan (cruelty, extortion, revenge) | 1333 UR -ssx PL Aq Pi | 1333 PL Ar |
| + | CHINA: great famine kills 6 million people (1333-7) (possible source of Black Death) | ||
| 1334 | * E EUROPE: Bohemia, Poland & Hungary become great states (1330s-80s) (universities & towns) | 1334 UR Pi | |
| + | CHINA: disastrous floods in Yangtze valley (stimulating revolts against Mongol Yuan dynasty) | 1334 PL Ar | |
| 1335 | PERSIA: dissolution of Il-Khan empire into local dynasties (lacking leadership) | ||
| + | INDIA: Vijayanagar created (1335-1565) (centre for Brahmin studies, Dravidian nat'lism, art) | ||
| 1336 | JAPAN: ASHIKAGA PERIOD (1336-1568) (restoration of feudalism, clan frictions, social changes, | ||
| + | war & instability yet trade & industry growth, freethinking & diffusion of culture) | ||
| 1337 | W EUROPE: HUNDRED YEARS' WAR between France & England (Edward III claims French throne) | 1337 UR +sxt NE Pi Cp | |
| + | INDIA: attempted Tughluk invasion of Tibet & China destroyed by rains in Himalayas | ||
| + | W EUROPE: coup d'etat in Ghent (by bourgeois movement with popular support) | ||
| 1338 | BRITAIN: French burn Portsmouth | 1338 UR +sxt NE Pi Cp | |
| + | W EUROPE: alliance between England's Edward III & HRE Louis IV against France | ||
| 1339 | RUSSIA: building of the Kremlin in Moscow by Ivan I | 1339 UR +sxt NE Pi Cp | |
| + | JAPAN: Kitabatake Chikafusa writes history of Japan (rising patriotic sentiments) | ||
| 1340 | * EURASIA: end of European-Asian trade & cultural contacts via Silk Roads (caused by plague) | ||
| + | * INDIA: growth of S Indian state of Vijayanagar as Hindu opposition to Delhi Sultanate | ||
| + | IDEAS: Florentine Pegalotti's 'Merchants' Handbook' (on travelling conditions worldwide) | ||
| 1341 | * ASIA: BLACK DEATH (bubonic plague) starts on large scale in Asia | 1341 UR Ar | |
| + | INDIA: Delhi Sultanate shrinks; Bengal breaks away, Deccan 1347, Gujerat 1396 | ||
| 1342 | |||
| + | |||
| 1343 | * EURASIA: general disaster and major shrinkage of population; trade & internationalism die | 1343 UR CONJ PL Ar Ar | 1343 NE Aq |
| + | E EUROPE: revolt of Estonians against occupying Danes; Teutonic Knights take Estonia in 1346 | ||
| 1344 | * GERMANY: pogroms against Jews: 350 Jewish communities destroyed; Jews move to Lith-Poland | 1344 UR CONJ PL Ar Ar | |
| + | INDIA: extermination, penal severity & resulting rebellion in Delhi Sultanate (loss of South) | ||
| 1345 | SCANDNVA: retaking of disintegrated Denmark (Funen, Jutland 1348, Scania 1360) by Waldemar IV | 1345 NE on S Node | |
| + | |||
| 1346 |