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The Historical Ephemeris
Astro-historical timelines 10: THE AGE OF REVOLUTIONS NEPTUNE-PLUTO CYCLE 5: 1398 – 1892 Part two: waning hemicycle 1644 – 1892 © COPYRIGHT 1989/99 Palden Jenkins |
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Key:
* = a period of change or a general trend
? = an uncertain date
| 1644 | CHINA: rebel Li Tzu-cheng captures Beijing; Ming Dynasty ends; Manchus invade, overcoming rebels | 1644 NE OPPN PL Sg Ge | |
| + | CHINA: MANCHUS FOUND CH'ING DYNASTY in N China (covering all China by 1652) | ||
| + | GERMANY: French occupy Rhineland; BRITAIN: Parliament overcomes Royalists (except in SW England) | ||
| + | * C ASIA: Potala, Dalai Lama's residence at Lhasa, Tibet, being built | ||
| 1645 | EUROPE: HRE loses to French at Alerheim & to Swedes at Jankau (Bavaria & Austria threatened) | 1645 NE OPPN PL Sg Ge | |
| + | BRITAIN: Civil War: Battle of Naseby, Parliament wins control of all England; rise of Oliver Cromwell | ||
| + | MED'N: Ottomans & Venice (again) at war over possession of Crete | ||
| + | BRITAIN: scientists hold regular meetings in London (prelude to Royal Society, 1662) | ||
| 1646 | EUROPE: Swedes take Prague; dual invasion of Bavaria (Thirty Years War closing) | 1646 NE OPPN PL Sg Ge | 1646 UR Sg |
| + | BRITAIN: Civil War ends with surrender of Oxford; Parl't presents terms, Charles tries to flee | ||
| + | CHINA: many Chinese rally to support Ch'ing Dynasty; Chinese generals take S China for Ch'ing | ||
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| 1647 | BRITAIN: Cromwell suppresses mutiny of mutinous Parliamentary 'Levellers' at Burford | 1647 NE OPPN PL Sg Ge | |
| + | ITALY: revolts in Naples against Spanish rule, led by Masaniello; order restored 1648 | ||
| + | RUSSIA: Moscow revolt against Alexis I, Czar (1645-76) | ||
| 1648 | EUROPE: Peace of Westphalia ends THIRTY YEARS WAR; (carve-up of Europe, HRE disintegrates, | 1648 NE OPPN PL Sg Ge | |
| + | secular states & religious toleration, Swedish expansion; new European balance of power) | 1648 UR OPPN PL Sg Ge | |
| + | BRITAIN: Cromwell defeats Scots Royalist supporters at Preston; royal concessions rejected | 1648 Sa OPPN UR Ge Sg | |
| + | FRANCE: FRONDE REBELLION of nobles, judges & people of Paris & other towns, to 1653 | 1648 Sa OPPN NE Ge Sg | |
| + | MIDEAST: Turkish Jew Shabtai Zvi announces himself the Messiah (stirring unrest in E Europe) | ||
| 1649 | BRITAIN: trial & execution of Charles I: Commonwealth declared; business interests favoured | 1648 Sa CONJ PL Ge Ge | |
| + | IRELAND: Cromwell invades, suppressing revolts at Drogheda & Wexford; occupation to 1660 | 1649 Sa OPPN UR Ge Sg | |
| + | OTTOMANS: Mohammed IV, Ottoman sultan (1649-87, Ottoman power in hands of Janissaries) | 1649 UR OPPN PL Sg Ge | |
| + | FRANCE: confusion grows during Fronde rebellion | 1649 Sa OPPN NE Ge Sg | |
| + | 1649 UR on S Node | ||
| 1650 | * JAPAN: beginnings of popular literary culture in Japan | 1650 UR CONJ NE Sg Sg | |
| + | BRITAIN: Cromwell occupies Scotland, defeating Royalists at Dunbar | ||
| + | N AMERICA: Anglo-Dutch agreement over frontiers (beginnings of Indian vs colonist frictions) | ||
| + | BRITAIN: Hobbes at work on jurisprudence; tea arrives in England | ||
| 1651 | BRITAIN: Charles II crowned in Scotland, flees after defeat by Cromwell at Worcester | ||
| + | FRANCE: Mazarin overpowered, leaves; Parlement grows in power; Louis XIV comes of age | ||
| + | JAPAN: rebellions in Edo, Yetuna, Shogun (1651-80) suppresses them, strengthens rule | ||
| + | BRITAIN: Hobbes' "Leviathan" (defending absolute monarchy); anti-Dutch Navigation Act | ||
| 1652 | W EUROPE: first Anglo-Dutch War, English victorious (beginning of the Dutch decline) | ||
| + | S AFRICA: Cape Colony (Capetown) founded (by the Dutch, as provisioning station and colony) | ||
| + | BRITAIN: Parliament offers pardon to Royalists; first coffee house opens in City of London | ||
| + | FRANCE: provisional Fronde gov't in Paris; Louis XIV recalls Mazarin, sets up government | ||
| 1653 | INDIA: Taj Mahal completed at Agra, India, initiated by Shahjahan | 1653 UR Cp | |
| + | FRANCE: end of Fronde rebellion | ||
| + | BRITAIN: Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658) Lord Protector; English defeat Dutch in 3 sea battles | ||
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| 1654 | RUSSIA: Cossack allegiance changes, Ukraine passes from Polish to Russian rule | ||
| + | S AMERICA: Portuguese drive Dutch out of Brazil; sugar trade continues through Amsterdam | ||
| + | W EUROPE: Treaty of Westminster ends Anglo-Dutch war (in England's favour) | ||
| + | SCANDNVA: Kristina becomes Cath, abdicates; Anglo-Swed trading accords; Oxenstjerna dies | ||
| 1655 | BRITAIN: Cromwell dissolves Parliament, virtual dictator; bans Anglican services | ||
| + | N EUROPE: 1st Northern War: Sweden invades Poland, Great Elector invades Prussia | ||
| + | AMERICAS: British take Jamaica; BRITAIN: Cromwell first 'architect of British Empire' | ||
| + | WORLD: BEGINNING of MAJOR EXPANSION of ENGLISH COLONIALISM and economic expansion | ||
| 1656 | INDIA: Aurangzeb, Mughal emperor (1656-1707) expands Mughal empire to greatest extent | 1656 NE Cp | |
| + | ITALY: St Peter's in Rome completed by Bernini; famine & plague kills 400,000 | 1656 NE Cp | |
| + | N EUROPE: Sweden & Brandenburg form alliance, Swedes ceding Prussia to Great Elector | ||
| + | FRANCE: opening of Hopital General, Paris, hospital, poorhouse & factory | ||
| 1657 | BRITAIN: Cromwell's power grows; chocolate introduced to London | 1657 UR -qcx PL Cp Ge | 1657 NE Cp |
| + | N EUROPE: Sweden at war with Denmark, Russia, Austria & Poland; Brandbg allies Poland | ||
| + | AUSTRIA: Leopold I elected HRE (1658-1705) | ||
| + | INNOVN: Huygens develops the pendulum clock | ||
| 1658 | N EUROPE: Peace of Roskilde: SWEDISH EMPIRE AT ITS ZENITH | 1658 UR -qcx PL Cp Ge | |
| + | BRITAIN: death of Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector (1653-8), succeeded by son, who fails | ||
| + | SCANDNVA: Swedes beseige Copenhagen; Sweden begins circulation of banknotes | ||
| + | GERMANY: foundation of Rhineland League, with French protection | ||
| 1659 | W AFRICA: French found trading post on Senegal coast | ||
| + | E EUROPE: Great Elector drives Swedes out of Prussia (Prussian identity growing) | ||
| + | W EUROPE: peace between France & Spain; Louis XIV takes control 1661, on death of Mazarin | ||
| + | INDIA: beginning of Hindu Maratha expansion from W Deccan (1659-70) eventually superseding Moghuls) | ||
| + | BRITAIN: Samuel Pepys, diarist (1633-1703), at peak of work 1660-70 | ||
| + | CHINA: Manchus complete invasion and reunification of China | ||
| 1660 | FRANCE: CLASSICAL PERIOD of FRENCH ARISTOCRATIC CULTURE | 1660 UR Aq | |
| + | BRITAIN: Parliament invites Charles II back; coronation of Charles II, K of England (1661-85) | ||
| + | EUROPE: Peace of Oliva ends war between Austria, Poland, Sweden & Brandenburg | ||
| + | SCANDNVA: Peace of Copenhagen ends Swedish-Danish war; Karl XI, king of Sweden (1660-97) | 1661 UR Aq | |
| 1661 | SE ASIA: king Narai of Siam (1661-88, with Greek adviser) asks French aid to expel Dutch | ||
| + | INDIA: widespread famines, through lack of rain for three years; English base set up in Bombay | ||
| + | BRITAIN: Cavalier Parliament meets; Evelyn criticises London's air pollution | ||
| + | IDEAS: Boyle defines chemical elements; Royal Society (for scientists) chartered 1662 | ||
| 1662 | AFRICA: Bt of Ambuila: Portuguese destroy Kongo kingdom; Bambara kgdms dominate W Africa | 1662 UR -sqt PL Aq Ge | |
| + | CHINA: K'ang-hsi, Ch'ing emperor (age 8, 1662-1722); Ming loyalists take Taiwan from Dutch, until 1683 | ||
| + | W EUROPE: England sells Dunkirk to France; FRANCE: building of Palace of Versailles | ||
| + | INNOVN: Boyle's research on gases; Guericke develops an air pump | ||
| 1663 | OTTOMANS: Ottomans declare war on Austria, invading Hungary & Transylvania (unsuccessful longterm) | 1663 UR -sqt PL Aq Ge | |
| + | N AMERICA: St Lawrence colonies formally organised as New France, capital Quebec | ||
| + | INNOVN: Guericke makes a frictional electric machine; Descartes' writings banned by Pope | ||
| + | BRITAIN: Charles II busy: many changes in England & colonies | ||
| 1664 | N AMERICA: New Amsterdam taken by British from the Dutch (renamed New York) | 1664 Sa OPPN PL Sg Ge | |
| + | E EUROPE: Austrians beat Ottomans at Raab (Ottoman threat to Europe ended) | ||
| + | N AMERICA: English annex New Netherlands, resettling Conn to Maryland (Anglo dominance in N Am) | ||
| + | * BRITAIN: strong restrictions being put on Nonconformists in England | ||
| 1665 | W EUROPE: second Anglo-Dutch war, British win (Dutch influence further weakened) | 1665 UR +ssx NE Aq Cp | |
| + | IBERIA: English help Portuguese to defeat Spain and secure Portugal's independence | ||
| + | * ARTS: Bernini & Christopher Wren (architects), Rembrandt & Vermeer (painters), at work | ||
| + | IDEAS: Newton (1642-1738) invents differential calculus; Grimaldi's "Diffraction of Light" | ||
| 1666 | FRANCE: Academie Francaise founded in Paris | 1666 UR +ssx NE Aq Cp | |
| + | BRITAIN: Great Fire of London; preceded by plague 1664 | ||
| + | RUSSIA: Great Schism in Russian Orthodox church; Russia gains Smolensk & Kiev from Poland | ||
| + | IDEAS: Newton's "Laws of Gravitation" | ||
| 1667 | * FRANCE: beginning of French expansion under Louis XIV, le Roi Soleil | 1667 UR -tri PL Aq Ge | |
| + | BENELUX: French invade Habsburg Netherlands (seeking new border on Rhine) | 1667 Sa CONJ NE Cp Cp | |
| + | W EUROPE: Peace of Breda between France, Holland & England | ||
| + | BRITAIN: Milton's "Paradise Lost"; "Paradise Regained", 1671 | ||
| + | SE ASIA: Dutch conquer the wealtyh spice Sultanate of Macassar | ||
| 1668 | W EUROPE: Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle (France coerced by Engl, Holl & Swed to end aggression) | 1668 UR -tri PL Aq Ge | 1668 UR Pi |
| + | INDIA: Bombay under control of British East India Co (rise of Eng econ influence in India) | 1668 PL Cn | |
| + | INNOVN: Italian scientist Borelli attempts to fly (using artificial wings) | ||
| + | AFRICA: rise of Bambara kingdoms (1660s, in Nigeria, replacing Mandingo kingdom) | ||
| 1669 | MED'N: Ottomans take Crete, last colony of Venice (Venice in decline) | 1669 UR Pi | |
| + | INDIA: Moghul Aurangzeb bans Hindu faith (forced conversion to Islam); rebellions; famine, 3m die | 1669 PL Cn | |
| + | N EUROPE: last congress of the Hanseatic League (end of a medieval trading confederation) | ||
| + | INNOVN: geology formalised by Steno; phosphorus made by Brand; insects studied by Swammerdam | ||
| 1670 | W EUROPE: France occupies Lorraine (Louis XIV's expnsion of borders policy) | 1670 PL Cn | |
| + | N AMERICA: Hudson's Bay colony founded (Rupert's Land) | 1670 NE Aq | |
| + | BENELUX: William of Orange becomes Captain General of United Dutch Provinces | ||
| + | RUSSIA: rebellion of Ukrainian Cossacks (led by Stenka Razin) suppressed | ||
| 1671 | SE ASIA: Javanese succession struggles make Java dependent on Dutch aid | 1671 Sa CONJ UR Pi Pi | 1671 NE Aq |
| + | BRITAIN: formation of Whig & Tory political parties; est of Habeas Corpus (right to trial) | ||
| + | BRITAIN: Sir Christopher Wren's 'Monument' starts rebuilding of churches & buildings in London | ||
| + | CHINA: Ch'ing emp K'ang Hsi's Holy Edict enforces Confucian conduct rules (Jesuit inspired) | ||
| + | N AMERICA: English explorers cross the Appalachian mountains (beginning of opening up of West) | ||
| 1672 | SE ASIA: French thrown out of Siam by King Narai (reaction to French garrisons at Bangkok) | 1672 NE -qcx PL Aq Cn | |
| + | W EUROPE: third Anglo-Dutch war, Dutch largely win; French attack Holland, Dutch flood polders | ||
| + | BRITAIN: economic problems in England; Crown payments stopped for one year | ||
| + | INNOVN: Leibnitz invents a calculating machine | ||
| 1673 | EUROPE: Austria declares war on France | 1673 NE -qcx PL Aq Cn | |
| + | E EUROPE: Ottoman attack on Poland 1672, Poles beat Ottomans at Bt of Khorzim | ||
| + | N AMERICA: French explorers reach top of Mississippi river (opening trade with Midwest Indians) | ||
| + | BRITAIN: Test Act forbits Catholics to have official posts in England | ||
| 1674 | N AMERICA: Holland & Sweden formally cede New York & New Sweden to England | 1674 NE on S Node | |
| + | W EUROPE: French army wrecks the Palatinate (Mainz) | 1674 UR +ssq NE Pi Aq | |
| + | BENELUX: Dutch office of Stadtholder (William of Orange) becomes hereditary | ||
| + | INDIA: Maratha Sivaji Bhonsla declares independence of Aurangzeb's declining Mughal empire | ||
| 1675 | * CHINA: CH'ING PEACE & PROSPERITY for 100 years, after suppression of rebel Three Feudatories | 1675 UR +ssq NE Pi Aq | |
| + | N EUROPE: Brandenburg beats Sweden at Fehrbellin (Prussia beats Europe's greatest milit power) | ||
| + | W EUROPE: Louis XIV lends Charles II of England money to overcome Parliamentary resistance | ||
| + | N AMERICA: major native American revolts against European colonists | ||
| + | IDEAS: Spinoza's "Ethics", Newton's "Opticks", Leibnitz's Calculus, Roemer on speed of light | ||
| 1676 | N AMERICA: Nathaniel Bacon gathers support in Virginia for a revolt against English rulers | 1676 UR Ar | |
| + | INNOVN: Greenwich Observatory opened, under direction of John Flamsteed, astronomer royal | ||
| + | INNOVN: Leeuwenhoek researches spermatozoa | ||
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| 1677 | E EUROPE: Great Elector takes Baltic ports of Ruegen, Stettin, Stralsund (carving of Prussia) | ||
| + | AMERICA: crisis in New England as it develops its own economy & identity | ||
| + | INNOVN: introduction of ice cream to fashionable Paris | ||
| + | IDEAS: Kristiaan Huygens' work on light; John Bunyan's "Pilgrims Progress" | ||
| 1678 | BRITAIN: rise of anti-Catholic feelings & trials in England; the 'Popish Plot' | 1678 UR -SQR PL Ar Cn | |
| + | W EUROPE: Peace of Nijmegen between France, Holland & Habsburgs | ||
| + | C EUROPE: rebellion of Hungarians against Habsburg Austria, behind Emeric Tokolyi | ||
| + | N EUROPE: Sweden at war with Russia, Brandenburg, Denmark, Holland | ||
| + | C ASIA: Khanate of Kokand (W Turkestan) takes Khanate of Kashgar (control of Silk Road) | ||
| 1679 | N EUROPE: Peace between Sweden, Denmark & Brandenburg | 1679 UR -SQR PL Ar Cn | |
| + | IBERIA: waning Habsburg influence in Spain strengthened by Marie of Austria | ||
| + | N AMERICA: creation of New Hampshire as separate province to Massachusetts | ||
| + | INNOVN: Halley's "Catalogue of the Southern Stars"; first German coffee-house in Hamburg | ||
| + | INDIA: war between Muslim Moghuls and Hindu Rajputs (1679-1709, growing religious polarisation) | ||
| 1680 | N AMERICA: French colonise upper Mississippi from Great Lakes; English take Pennsylvania | 1680 UR -SQR PL Ar Cn | |
| + | SCANDNVA: Karl XI, king of Sweden (1660-97) creates absolute monarchy | 1680 Sa CONJ PL Cn Cn | |
| + | GERMANY: Maximilian Emanuel, Elector Bavaria (1680-1726); JAPAN: Tsunayoshi, Shogun (1680-1709) | ||
| + | BRITAIN: Robert Filmer's "Natural Power of Kings"; Sir William Temple's "Essay on Government" | ||
| 1681 | EUROPE: Brandenburg forms defence alliances with France & Sweden | 1681 UR +sxt NE Ar Aq | |
| + | EUROPE: meeting of the first European Congress at Frankfurt-am-Main (European consciousness) | ||
| + | BRITAIN: cheques brought into use; Chelsea Hospital founded for wounded & pensioned soldiers | ||
| + | * CHINA: K'ang Hsi strengthens Mandarin heirarchy, foreign trade, intellectual repression | ||
| + | N AMERICA: La Salle explores the length of the Mississippi for France (start of French Louisiana) | ||
| 1682 | C EUROPE: anti-Austrian rebel leader Emeric Tokolyi in Hungary supported by Ottomans | 1682 UR +sxt NE Ar Aq | |
| + | FRANCE: forced conversion of 60,000 Huguenots; Versailles becomes Louis XIV's royal seat | 1682 PL on N Node | |
| + | BENELUX: weaving factory established in Amsterdam, with 100 looms (prelude to industrial rev'n) | 1682 HALLEY'S COMET | |
| + | N AMERICA: founding of Pennsylvania by William Penn | ||
| 1683 | C EUROPE: Ottoman seige of Vienna (Europe at risk); ended by intervention of Poland & Lorraine | 1683 UR +sxt NE Ar Aq | 1683 UR Ta |
| + | W EUROPE: Spain, Austria, Holland & Sweden ally against France | 1683 Sa OPPN NE Le Aq | |
| + | CHINA: Manchu Ch'ing conquer Taiwan (held to 1895); Dutch traders established in Canton/Guangzhou | ||
| + | N AMERICA: treaty between Quaker Wm Penn (1644-1718) & Indians; first German settlers arrive | ||
| 1684 | C EUROPE: Holy League formed against Ottomans by Austria, Poland & Venice | 1684 UR +sxt NE Ar Aq | 1684 UR Ta |
| + | SE ASIA: Sultanate of Bantam (Java) comes under Dutch control, English expelled (spice trade) | 1684 Sa OPPN NE Vi Pi | 1684 NE Pi |
| + | GERMANY: Elector of Brandenburg offers refuge to Fr Huguenots; anti-Jewish mvmnt in Bordeaux | ||
| + | N AMERICA: Eng king annuls Massachusetts Charter ("Puritan insubordination") | ||
| 1685 | CHINA: ports opened to foreign trade; English establish trade between India & China | 1685 NE -sqt PL Pi Cn | 1685 NE Pi |
| + | BRITAIN: Pitchfork Rebellion defeated at Bt of Sedgemoor; Judge Jeffreys' 'Bloody Assizes' | ||
| + | FRANCE: Louis XIV exiles thousands of Huguenots by revoking Edict of Nantes (1598) | ||
| + | BRITAIN: England receives many Huguenots, bringing with them textile industries | ||
| 1686 | N AMERICA: English colonies reorganised with formation of Federation of New England | 1686 NE -sqt PL Pi Cn | |
| + | C EUROPE: Holy League (Duke of Lorraine) take Buda from Ottomans; Russia at war with Ottomans | ||
| + | N AMERICA: French settlers in Texas; La Salle explores & claims Mississippi river & Louisiana | ||
| + | W AFRICA: Brandenburg establishes a colony at Guinea | ||
| 1687 | BRITAIN: religious liberalisation in England, with James II's Declaration of Indulgence | 1687 NE -sqt PL Pi Cn | |
| + | C EUROPE: Bt of Mohacs, Ottomans beaten decisively by Holy League (weakening of Turkey) | ||
| + | C EUROPE: Hungarian crown recognised as hereditary to Austrian Habsburgs | ||
| + | IDEAS: Newton's "Principia" published; Sloane's botanical collections started; plate glass | ||
| 1688 | BRITAIN: 'Glorious Revolution' ests const monarchy under William of Orange; James II flees | 1688 NE -sqt PL Pi Cn | |
| + | E EUROPE: Belgrade occupied by Austrians (Ottoman retreat); Ottoman Athens bombed by Venice | ||
| + | GERMANY: France invades Palatinate (in war to limit Austrian Habsburg power) | ||
| + | * INDIA: friction between Mughals in north and Marathas in south, growing chaos in India | ||
| + | SE ASIA: revolt in Ayutthaya (Siam) against foreign influences overthrows monarchy, excludes foreigners | ||
| 1689 | EUROPE: Grand Alliance against Louis XIV (general increase of war in Europe) | 1689 UR -sxt PL Ta Cn | |
| + | BRITAIN: William III & Mary, K & Q of England & Scotland (1690-1702); Declaration of Rights | 1689 NE -sqt PL Pi Cn | |
| + | RUSSIA: Peter the Great, Czar of Russia (1689-1730) | ||
| + | N AMERICA: angry Iroqouis indians massacre French settlers near Montreal | ||
| 1690 | IRELAND: William III defeats Catholics at Bt of the Boyne (fuelling Prot-Cath rivalry) | 1690 UR -sxt PL Ta Cn | 1690 UR Ge |
| + | IDEAS: Joseph Locke's "Two Treatises on Gov't" (lays way for constitutional monarchy) | ||
| + | INDIA: British East India Trading Co establishes trading centre at Calcutta, Bengal | ||
| + | * BRITAIN: Britain now the leading trading & financial power in the world (until 1914) | ||
| 1691 | IRELAND: Irish rebellion ends with the Treaty of Limerick | 1691 Sa OPPN UR Sg Ge | 1691 UR Ge |
| + | C EUROPE: Transylvania absorbed into Habsburg Austrian empire | ||
| + | IDEAS: Leibnitz' "Protagaea" on geology; Locke's "Concerning Human Understanding" | ||
| + | IDEAS: Huygens' wave theory of Light | ||
| + | C ASIA: revolts of Dzungar Mongols against Ming China (1690-96, crushed) | ||
| 1692 | W EUROPE: English navy destroys French navy at La Hogue (ending risk of French invasion) | 1692 Sa OPPN UR Sg Ge | 1692 PL Le |
| + | BRITAIN: Glencoe Massacre of Clan MacDonald by pro-English Clan Campbell | ||
| + | CHINA: edict of toleration for Christians; N AMERICA: Salem witchcraft trials (New England) | ||
| + | BRITAIN: Bank of England established in London (Sir Isaac Newton); creation of National Debt | ||
| 1693 | W AFRICA: Bt of Lagos, French defeat an English merchant fleet off Nigeria | 1693 UR on N Node | 1693 PL Le |
| + | ITALY: Knights of the Apocalypse founded to counter the Antichrist | ||
| + | FRANCE: Louis XIV begins a policy of peace, with a reconciliation with the Pope | ||
| + | S AMERICA: gold & diamonds discovered in Brazil; Kingston, Jamaica founded (after an earthquake) | ||
| 1694 | PERSIA: Hussain, Shah of Persia (1694-1721) | 1694 UR -ssq PL Ge Le | 1694 PL Le |
| + | W EUROPE: English & Dutch (William III) assault on French Channel ports & borders | ||
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| 1695 | BRITAIN: end of press censorship in England | 1695 UR -ssq PL Ge Le | |
| + | RUSSIA: Peter the Great fails in war against Ottomans, attends to home affairs | ||
| + | BRITAIN: taxes on windows & salt, and new coinage in England; Royal Bank of Scotland founded | ||
| + | RUSSIA: Russians sent to Europe to study, Peter following in 1697 & 1716 (westernisation of Russia) | ||
| 1696 | RUSSIA: Peter the Great beats Ottomans, takes Azov (access to Black Sea); Russians take Kamchatka | 1696 UR +SQR NE Ge Pi | |
| + | BRITAIN: Habeas Corpus suspended in England; Daniel Defoe proposes income tax | ||
| + | * FRANCE: Louis XIV's Versailles court acts as a model for European aristocracy | ||
| + | * W AFRICA: rise of the Ashanti empire (Gold Coast) | ||
| 1697 | E ASIA: Manchus occupy Outer Mongolia, defeating Oirat Mongols, attacking Panchen Lama at Urga | 1697 UR +SQR NE Cn Ar | 1697 NE Ar |
| + | SCANDNVA: Karl XII, king of Sweden (1697-1718) (temp extends Swedish terr to greatest extent) | 1697 Sa OPPN PL Aq Le | 1697 UR Cn |
| + | W EUROPE: Treaty of Ryswyck between France & England | ||
| + | C AMERICA: last remnants of Maya culture destroyed by Spaniards in Yucatan, Mexico | ||
| 1698 | RUSSIA: rebellion in Moscow of absent Peter the Great's Streltsi guards, subsides | 1698 UR +SQR NE Ge Pi | 1698 NE Ar |
| + | GERMANY: George Louis, Elector of Hanover (1698-1725) (future George I of England) | 1698 UR Cn | |
| + | * GERMANY: gradual rise of Prussian militarism, army trained by Leopold of Anhalt-Dessau | ||
| + | BRITAIN: founding of Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge (SPCK) by Thomas Bray | ||
| + | E AFRICA: Omani Arabs est Sultanate of Zanzibar (to control E African & Indian Ocean trade) | ||
| 1699 | C EUROPE: Treaty of Karlowitz: Ottomans make peace with Holy League; Habsburgs gain Hungary | 1699 UR +SQR NE Cn Ar | |
| + | E EUROPE: Treaty of Preobrazhenskoe: Swedish empire partitioned by Den, Russia, Poland, Saxony | ||
| + | SCANDNVA: Frederick IV, king of Denmark (1699-1730) | ||
| + | BRITAIN: Billingsgate market opened |
| 1700 | * GERMANY: PEAK of GERMAN BAROQUE: Buxtehude, Handel, JS Bach, Pachelbel | 1700 UR -ssx PL Cn Le | |
| + | N EUROPE: Great Northern War, until 1720; Saxons take Livonia; Sweden beats Russia at Narva | ||
| + | INDIA: chaos in INDIA: Marathas ravage Deccan; Rajput civil war; Sikh, Jat & Satnami revolts | ||
| + | IBERIA: end of the Spanish Habsburgs; Philip V (Bourbon), king of Spain (1700-46) | ||
| 1701 | GERMANY: Elector of Brandenburg crowns himself Frederick Wm I, K of Prussia (1700-32, 'drill-master') | ||
| + | EUROPE: War of Spanish Succession begins (the first 'world war', over balance of power fears) | ||
| + | W EUROPE: Louis XIV challenges English succession, proposing James II's son as king | ||
| + | IDEAS: Bernoulli's "Theory of Probability" (statistics); Collier's "Dictionary" | ||
| + | W AFRICA: warrior kgdm of Asante grows under Osei Tutu (later a major anti-Euro power) | ||
| 1702 | BRITAIN: Anne, Queen of England (1702-14); Duke of Marlborough becomes Captain-General of army | ||
| + | E EUROPE: Northern war: Karl XII of Sweden overruns Poland; beats Russians 1703 | ||
| + | FRANCE: rebellion of 'Camisard' Huguenot peasants; France exhausted by continual warring | ||
| + | EUROPE: serfdom abolished in Denmark; oil lighting becoming common in German towns | ||
| 1703 | RUSSIA: St Petersburg founded, giving Russia access to Baltic (becomes Russian capital 1712) | 1703 Sa CONJ NE Ar Ar | |
| + | W EUROPE: English (Marlborough) & Austrian (Prince Eugene) forces advance on Germany | ||
| + | IBERIA: Habsburg Archduke Charles proclaimed king of Spain; Anglo-Portuguese treaty in Lisbon | ||
| + | BRITAIN: Sir Isaac Newton becomes president of the Royal Society | ||
| 1704 | GERMANY: Marlborough & Prince Eugene meet, defeat France & Bavaria at Bt of Blenheim | 1704 NE -tri PL Ar Le | 1704 UR Le + |
| + | MED'N: English take Gibraltar (to establish naval base against Spain in Med'n) | ||
| + | N AMERICA: French settlers involve Iroquois Indians in attacks on English settlers | ||
| + | ARTS: JS Bach writes first cantata; Handel's "St John's Passion" | ||
| 1705 | RUSSIA: rebellion in Astrakhan against Peter the Great's westernisation | 1705 NE -tri PL Ar Le | 1705 UR Le |
| + | IBERIA: English navy takes Barcelona; N AFRICA: Tunisians throw off Ottoman rule | ||
| + | IDEAS: Sir Edmund Halley correctly predicts Halley's Comet's return in 1758 (last seen 1682) | ||
| + | IDEAS: "Vossiche Zeitung" Berlin; "Boston News Letter" Mass; "Daily Courant" & "Review" London | ||
| 1706 | EUROPE: Karl XII beats Russia & Saxony; Marlborough conquers Span Neths, Eugene beats French | 1706 NE -tri PL Ar Le | |
| + | N AMERICA: French & Spanish attempt to take Carolina (bordering Louisiana & Florida | ||
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| 1707 | * INDIA: DECLINE OF MOGHUL EMPIRE BEGINS: death of Aurangzeb; Bahadur Shah succeeds | 1707 NE -tri PL Ar Le | |
| + | INDIA: Sikh rebellions in Punjab, led by Guru Gobind Singh, defeated by Moghuls | ||
| + | BRITAIN: Act of Union of England & Scotland, under name Great Britain | ||
| + | JAPAN: Mt Fujiyama erupts for the last time | ||
| + | |||
| 1708 | W EUROPE: Marlborough (Britain) & Eugene (Austria) defeat France at Bt of Oudenarde | 1708 NE -tri PL Ar Le | |
| + | E EUROPE: Karl XII (Sweden) invades the Ukraine | ||
| + | RUSSIA: Peter the Great reorganises Russian regions (to improve governance) | ||
| + | BRITAIN: lexicographer Collier's "Ecclesiastical History of Britain" | ||
| 1709 | E EUROPE: Bt of Poltava: Russians decisively defeat Karl XII (turning point for Swedish empire) | 1709 NE -tri PL Ar Le | |
| + | W EUROPE: Marlborough & Eugene campaign in Belgium, beating French at Bt of Malplaquet | 1709 UR +tri NE Le Ar | |
| + | C ASIA: Afghans of Kandahar rebel against Persian Safavid rule, gaining independence | ||
| + | INNOVN: Darby discovers coke-smelting techniques for producing pig iron in England | ||
| 1710 | INNOVN: Le Blon, engraver, develops three-colour printing in Germany | 1710 UR +tri NE Le Ar | 1710 UR Vi |
| + | EUROPE: various European wars lapse into complexity and stalemate, losing direction | 1710 UR CONJ PL Le Le | 1710 PL Vi |
| + | RUSSIA: newly-built St Petersburg becomes capital of westernising Russia | 1710 NE -tri PL Ar Le | |
| + | * GERMANY: constant warring stimulates emigration to N America | ||
| 1711 | BRITAIN: Duke of Marlborough dismissed as C-in-C; Tories (Bolingbroke) take power | 1711 UR +tri NE Le Ar | 1711 PL Vi |
| + | C EUROPE: Charles VI of Austria (1711-40) (conciliatory to Euro powers & Hungary) | 1711 NE -tri PL Ar Le | 1711 UR Vi |
| + | E EUROPE: war between Russia and Ottomans in Black Sea environs | 1711 NE Ta | |
| + | N AMERICA: war between Carolina settlers & Tuscarora; British gain Acadia (Nova Scotia) from French | ||
| 1712 | EUROPE: opening of Utrecht Peace Congress, to end War of Spanish Succession | 1712 UR +tri NE Vi Ta | 1712 NE Ta |
| + | C EUROPE: Swiss civil war of religion ends with the Treaty of Aarau | 1712 NE -tri PL Ta Vi | 1712 PL Vi |
| + | EUROPE: last execution for witchcraft in England; witch trials abolished in Prussia | ||
| + | INDIA: war of succession between Moghul Shah Bahadur's four sons | ||
| 1713 | EUROPE: TREATY OF UTRECHT: Span Euro posessions to Austria; Bourbon Philip K of Spain; British | 1713 NE -tri PL Ta Vi | |
| + | gains in colonies & monopoly of slave trade; Habsburg losses (new order in bal of power) | 1713 Sa CONJ PL Vi Vi | |
| + | * EUROPE: PERIOD of EUROPEAN CABINET POLITICS (1713-48 and after) | ||
| + | N EUROPE: capitulation of Sweden at Oldenburg; Karl XII Ottoman prisoner (Swedish power broken) | ||
| * | W AFRICA: British gain 30-year monopoly of slave trade (peak of slaving in Africa) | ||
| 1714 | EUROPE: Austria fights on, then French-Austrian treaties of Rastatt & Baden (HRE accepts new order) | 1714 NE -tri PL Ta Vi | |
| + | N EUROPE: Russia invades Finland; Karl XII released, rides to Stralsund, broken | 1714 Sa CONJ UR Vi Vi | |
| + | BRITAIN: George I, king of Britain (1714-27) (was George Louis, Elector of Hanover) | ||
| + | OTTOMANS: Libya independent; peace treaty with Russia (weakening of Ottoman power) | ||
| 1715 | FRANCE: Louis XV, king of France (age 5, 1715-74), regent Duc d'Orleans | 1715 NE -tri PL Ta Vi | |
| + | BRITAIN: Jacobite Rebellion, Cath supporters of 'Pretender' James III defeated | 1715 UR +sqt NE Vi Ta | |
| + | N AMERICA: uprising of Indian Yamassee tribes in Carolina against expanding settlers, defeated | ||
| + | * EUROPEAN CULTURE: Rococo style, Georgian architecture, spas, travel, modern diet, music, art | ||
| 1716 | EUROPE: peace dawning throughout war-weary Europe | 1716 NE -tri PL Ta Vi | 1716 UR Li |
| + | C EUROPE: Austria (Eugene) ejects Ottomans from Hungary & Bulgaria (Ottoman decline) | 1716 UR +sqt NE Vi Ta | |
| + | FRANCE: Scottish economist John Law ests Banque Generale & Mississippi Company | ||
| + | INNOVN: Fahrenheit develops mercury thermometer; Anel invents syringe | ||
| + | N AMERICA: Spain occupies Texas (responding to French expansion of Louisiana) | ||
| 1717 | C ASIA: Mongols occupy C Tibet and Lhasa, destroying a large Chinese army; China regains control 1720 | 1717 NE -tri PL Ta Vi | 1717 UR Li |
| + | EUROPE: Handel's "Water Music"; Bach's "Orgelbuchlein" | 1717 UR +sqt NE Vi Ta | |
| + | GERMANY: compulsory schooling and other reforms being introduced in Prussia | ||
| + | BRITAIN: Mother grand Lodge of Freemasons moves to London | ||
| 1718 | N AMERICA: Spaniards found government in Texas; French found New Orleans (Mississippi entrepot) | 1718 NE -tri PL Ta Vi | |
| + | EUROPE: Quadruple Alliance between France, Austria, England & Holland | 1718 UR +sqt NE Li Ta | |
| + | SCANDNVA: Karl XII killed in action in Norway (treaty carve-up of Sweden next four years) | ||
| + | BRITAIN: first banknotes in England; Society of Antiquaries founded | ||
| 1719 | W EUROPE: England & France separately declare war on Spain | 1719 NE -tri PL Ta Vi | |
| + | INDIA: Mohammed Shah Moghul emperor (1719-48) (after succession battles) | 1719 Sa OPPN NE Sc Ta | |
| + | W EUROPE: Liechtenstein becomes independent principality | ||
| + | SCANDNVA: Russians attempt invasion of Sweden over frozen Gulf of Bothnia | ||
| 1720 | W EUROPE: 'South Sea Bubble' collapse (GB); French national bankruptcy (failure of Law's Miss'pi Co) | 1720 NE -tri PL Ta Vi | |
| + | SCANDNVA: Frederick II, King of Sweden (1720-51) (Sweden engages in no more wars from now) | 1720 Sa OPPN NE Sc Ta | |
| + | N AMERICA: New York increases trade & links with Indians; collective settlement in Vermont | ||
| + | GERMANY: Palatinate court moves from Heidelberg to Mannheim | ||
| 1721 | RUSSIA: Peter the Great wrests Estonia & Livonia from Sweden; proclaimed Czar of all Russias | 1721 NE -tri PL Ta Vi | |
| + | BRITAIN: Robert Walpole made Chancellor of Exchequer (restoring public financial confidence) | 1721 UR +qcx NE Li Ta | |
| + | N AMERICA: major emigration from Prussia to New England; Swiss settlers introduce rifle | 1721 UR +ssx PL Li Vi | |
| + | EUROPE: Bailey's "Univ Etym English Dictionary"; Jablonski's "Allgemeines Lexikon" | ||
| 1722 | HRE: succession problems to 1725, over female succession to Habsburg throne (Maria Theresa) | 1722 NE -tri PL Ta Vi | |
| + | PERSIA: Afghans invade Persia, taking Isfahan (retrieved 1726) | 1722 UR +qcx NE Li Ta | |
| + | INNOVN: de Reaumur (Fr) writes on steel-making | 1722 UR +ssx PL Li Vi | |
| + | CHINA: T'u Shu Chi Ch'eng, major Chinese encyclopaedia | ||
| 1723 | GERMANY: Prussia reorganises governance, ministries & bureaucracy | 1723 NE -tri PL Ta Vi | 1723 UR Sc |
| + | * ARTS: Bach (1685-1750), Telemann (1681-1767), Handel (1685-1759) at work | 1723 UR +qcx NE Li Ta | |
| + | * INDIA: Moghul disintegration – states separate from empire: Rohikhand 1721, Oudh & Hyderabad 1724 | ||
| + | |||
| 1724 | C ASIA: China occupies Tsinghai (NE Tibet) | 1724 NE -tri PL Ta Vi | 1724 UR Sc |
| + | FRANCE: Paris Bourse opens | 1724 UR +qcx NE Sc Ge | 1724 NE Ge |
| + | W AFRICA: growth of kgdm of Dahomey (supported by Euro slave traders) | 1724 PL Li | |
| + | |||
| 1725 | HRE: Treaty of Vienna: succession problems (Pragmatic Sanction) resolved in all Habsburg lands | 1725 NE -tri PL Ta Vi | 1725 PL Li |
| + | ARTS: Alexander Pope (1688-1744), Daniel Defoe (1661-1731), Voltaire (1694-1778) at work | 1725 NE Ge | |
| + | |||
| + | |||
| 1726 | CHINA: tribal revolts in Yunnan (SW China) | 1726 NE -tri PL Ge Li | |
| + | E EUROPE: alliance between Russia & Austria against Ottomans (to break Ottoman power in Europe) | ||
| + | ARTS: Jonathon Swift (1667-1758) "Gulliver's Travels"; exiled Voltaire flees to England | ||
| + | BRITAIN: Gen Wade builds military roads in Scottish Highlands (to break power of Clans) | ||
| 1727 | BRITAIN: George II (1727-60); Gibraltar beseiged unsuccessfully by Spain; Newton dies | 1727 NE -tri PL Ge Li | |
| + | E ASIA: frontiers fixed between Russian E Siberia & China, along river Amur | ||
| + | N AMERICA: American Philosophical Society founded; Quakers demand abolition of slavery | ||
| + | S AMERICA: coffee first planted in Brazil | ||
| 1728 | PACIFIC: Bering (Dutch) explores Alaska & Bering Strait (ests America & Asia to be separate) | 1728 NE -tri PL Ge Li | |
| + | GERMANY: Treaty of Berlin between Prussia & Austria (becoming equal powers in German world) | 1728 UR +ssq PL Sc Li | |
| + | ARTS: Ephraim Chambers' "Cyclopaedia"; Bach's "St Matthew Passion"; Gay's "Beggar's Opera" | ||
| + | IBERIA: Inquisition suppresses Freemasonry (otherwise Freemasons expand in Europe & America) | ||
| 1729 | N AMERICA: N & S Carolina become Crown colonies of Britain | 1729 NE -tri PL Ge Li | |
| + | CHINA: Ch'ing emperor Yung Cheng prohibits opium smoking, reduces slavery | 1729 UR +ssq PL Sc Li | |
| + | INNOVN: Stephen Gray researches electrical conductivity; Newton's "Principia" tr to English | ||
| + | MED'N: brief independence of Corsica from Genoa (three years) | ||
| 1730 | BRITAIN: Methodist Church started by the Wesley brothers at Oxford | 1730 NE -tri PL Ge Li | 1730 UR Sg |
| + | * N AFRICA: revival of the ancient empire of Bornu in Sudan | ||
| + | WORLD: Persian Shah murdered; Ottoman Ahmad XII deposed; Prussian crown prince imprisoned | ||
| + | EUROPE: ZENITH of ROCOCO – court art, fashion, drama, furnishings, culture | ||
| 1731 | GERMANY: exile of Salzburg Protestants, 12,000 received by Prussia, 8,000 to Georgia | 1731 NE -tri PL Ge Li | |
| + | BRITAIN: 10 Downing St & Covent Garden Opera built; emigration prohibited for factory workers | ||
| + | INNOVN: Hadley invents navigational quadrant; zinc-smelting introduced; dieting first suggested | ||
| + | CHINA: Beijing destroyed in earthquake (virtually whole population dies) | ||
| 1732 | GERMANY: Prussia introduces systematic conscription (precedent) | 1732 NE -tri PL Ge Li | |
| + | N AMERICA: Georgia becomes colony; Oglethorpe founds Savannah, Ga (English foothold in South) | 1732 Sa OPPN PL Ar Li | |
| + | N AMERICA: new sects: Ephrata Community (Baptist), Moravian Brethren, Corp for Prop'n of Gospel | ||
| + | N AMERICA: Shawnee & Delaware Americans migrate west to escape European settlers | ||
| 1733 | N AMERICA: Georgia incorporated as thirteenth English crown colony in N America | 1733 NE -tri PL Ge Li | |
| + | E EUROPE: war of Polish Succession (gradual disintegration of Poland); Russians take Gdansk | 1733 Sa OPPN PL Ar Li | |
| + | 1733 UR on S Node | ||
| + | |||
| 1734 | MIDEAST: short friction between Ottomans and an unstable Persia | 1734 NE -tri PL Ge Li | |
| + | BRITAIN: Quran translated into English by George Sale | ||
| + | IDEAS: Emmanuel Swedenborg (1688-1772), Swedish engineer & visionary, at work | ||
| + | |||
| 1735 | ISLAM: WAHHABITE MOVEMENT to purify Islam BEGINS in MECCA (Abd-al-Wahhab 1703-92) | 1735 UR OPPN NE Sg Ge | |
| + | BRITAIN: William Pitt the Elder (1708-1778) enters Parliament (future great minister) | 1735 NE -tri PL Ge Li | |
| + | IDEAS: Linnaeus publishes a nomenclature of organic species; Huntsman makes cast steel | ||
| + | |||
| 1736 | PERSIA: Safavid dynasty deposed by Nadir Shah (1736-47) (stabiliser & moderniser) | 1736 UR OPPN NE Sg Ge | 1736 PL Sc |
| + | CHINA: Ch'ing emperor Ch'ien Lung (1736-96) (orthodox Confucian, Manchu system ossifies) | 1736 NE -tri PL Ge Li | |
| + | BRITAIN: Porteous riots in Edinburgh; India rubber arrives; witchcraft statutes repealed | ||
| + | EUROPE: Celsius (Fr) explores Lappland; first appendicitis operation; glassmaking in Venice | ||
| 1737 | ITALY: last of the Medicis dies (Grand Duke of Tuscany) (end of a major Renaissance family) | 1737 UR OPPN NE Sg Ge | 1737 UR Cp |
| + | BRITAIN: censorship of theatres established in England | 1737 NE -tri PL Ge Li | 1737 PL Sc |
| + | INDIA: Calcutta ruined in earthquake, storms destroy 20,000 ships | 1737 NE Cn | |
| + | |||
| 1738 | N AMERICA: frictions between Georgia (Eng) & Florida (Sp); evangelist Wesley moves to Georgia | 1738 UR OPPN NE Cp Cn | 1738 NE Cn |
| + | E EUROPE: Ottomans advance once more into Balkans, taking Orsova | 1738 UR +sxt PL Cp Sc | |
| + | INNOVN: cuckoo clocks introduced in Bavaria; Bernoulli's principle of hydrodynamics | 1738 NE -tri PL Cn Sc | |
| + | INNOVN: Wyatt invents the roller loom for large-scale spinning | 1738 Sa OPPN UR Cn Cp | |
| 1739 | S AMERICA: Spaniards found viceroyalty of New Granada (Colombia) | 1738 Sa CONJ NE Cn Cn | |
| + | INDIA: Persian Nadir Shah raids North India & Delhi; Shahjahan's Peacock Throne taken to Persia | 1739 NE -tri PL Cn Sc | |
| + | EUROPE: Hume's "Treatise on Human Nature"; Frederick of Prussia's "Anti-Machiavell" | 1739 Sa OPPN UR Cn Cp | |
| + | |||
| 1740 | GERMANY: war between Frederick the Great (Prussia 1740-86) & Maria Theresa (Austria 1740-80) | [CHIRON data starts here] | |
| + | GERMANY: Frederick the Great introduces freedom of worship & of press in Prussia | 1740 CH +qcx UR Ge Cp | |
| + | SE ASIA: Mons tribe rebels against Burmese king, setting up dynasty at Pegu | 1740 CH -sqt PL Ge Sc | |
| + | INDIA: wars by Marathas & Nizam of Hyderabad for control of Carnatic, E India | ||
| 1741 | C EUROPE: Prussia invades Silesia, France, Saxony & Bavaria occupy Prague; England mediates | 1741 PL Peri 10Sc | 1741 CH Cn |
| + | EUROPE: Linneaus founds Uppsala botanical gdns, Sweden; Handel's "Messiah", England | 1741 CH -sqt PL Ge Sc | |
| + | N AMERICA: Russians explore Alaska & California; settlers reach Dakotas; Fr explorers reach Rocky Mts | ||
| + | BRITAIN: Highway Act facilitates major road improvements (coherent road transport policy) | ||
| 1742 | C EUROPE: Prussia beats Austria, Peace of Berlin lays down terms (rise of Prussia in Germany) | 1742 CH CONJ NE Cn Cn | |
| + | INNOVN: canal building in Germany (Elbe-Havel); cotton factories in Birmingham & Lancashire | 1742 CH -tri PL Cn Sc | |
| + | * CHINA: Ch'ing zenith under Emperor Ch'ien Lung (1736-96) (expansion in Turkestan & Mongolia) | ||
| + | |||
| 1743 | RUSSIA: religious & political pogroms under Elizabeth, Czarina (1741-62) | 1743 CH OPPN UR Cn Cp | |
| + | W EUROPE: Britain beats France at Bt of Dettingen | 1743 CH -tri PL Cn Sc | |
| + | |||
| + | |||
| 1744 | INDIA: British (Robert Clive) & French at war over trading in Karnatic; famine in Sind | 1744 CH OPPN UR Cn Cp | 1744 UR Aq |
| + | EUROPE: France declares war on Britain & Austria; Austria & Saxony drive Prussia from Prague | 1744 CH Le | |
| + | ARABIA: ruling Saudi family converts to Wahhabi teachings (giving weight to Islamic reform) | ||
| + | * JAPAN: Tokugawa rule declines into corruption | ||
| 1745 | HRE: Maria Theresa's husband Francis elected HRE (1745-65) | 1745 CH OPPN UR Le Aq | |
| + | W EUROPE: Fr defeats Brit, takes Aust Neths; Pr beats Aust, gains Silesia in Treaty of Dresden | 1745 CH -SQR PL Le Sc | |
| + | BRITAIN: Bonnie Prince Charlie lands in Scotland, gets to Derby, forced to retreat | 1745 CH +ssx NE Le Cn | |
| + | INNOVN: von Kleist's capacitor Leyden jar; Alembert on fluid dynamics; Bonnet's "Insectologie" | ||
| 1746 | CHINA: rebellions of Chin-ch'uan tribes in Szechwan 1746-49, also 1771-6 | 1746 CH -SQR PL Le Sc | 1746 CH Vi |
| + | BRITAIN: Bonnie Prince Charlie loses at Culloden, flees to France (repression in Scotland) | 1746 CH +ssq NE Vi Cn | |
| + | IDEAS: Denis Diderot's "Pensees Philosophiques"; painter Canaletto (1697-1768) in England | 1746 CH -qcx UR Vi Aq | |
| + | GERMANY: Karl Fred'ck of Baden (1746-1811), reform prince (village self-gov't, abol'n serfdom) | ||
| 1747 | C ASIA: Nadir Shah killed; Shah Rukh of Persia; Ahmad Khan Abdali K in Afghanistan (1747-73) | 1747 CH +sxt NE Vi Cn | |
| + | IDEAS: Benjamin Franklin's "Plain Truth"; Hume's "Concerning Human Understanding" | 1747 CH -qcx UR Vi Aq | |
| + | INNOVN: Marggraf isolates sugar in beets; Euler's "Analysis Infinitorum" (mathematics) | 1747 CH -sqt UR Vi Aq | |
| + | W AFRICA: Oyo (Yoruba, Nigeria) defeats Dahomey, to become main power in Niger delta region | 1747 CH -sxt PL Vi Sc |