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The Historical Ephemeris
Astro-historical timelines 11: THE TWENTIETH CENTURY NEPTUNE-PLUTO CYCLE 6: 1892-2387 Part one: waxing hemicycle 1892 – 2137 up to Year 2000 © COPYRIGHT 1989/99 Palden Jenkins |
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Key:
* = a period of change or a general trend
? = an uncertain date
| 1891 | EUROPE: establishment of Peace Bureau at Berne (pan-European, leading to Int'l Court of the Hague) | 1891 NE CONJ PL Ge Ge | 1891 UR Sc |
| + | OTTOMANS: atrocities against Armenians (1890-7) (discrediting Ottomans); Young Turk Movement | 1891 CH -SQR UR Le Sc | 1891 CH Le |
| + | RUSSIA: construction of trans-Siberian railway (1891-1904); famine in Russia | ||
| + | INNOVN: wireless telegraphy started; zipper devel'd; Langley's 'Experiments in Aerodynamics' | ||
| + | * ARTS: Gaugin in Tahiti, Toulouse-Lautrec's posters, Monet, Cezanne, Beardsley; Art Nouveau | ||
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| 1892 | WORLD: Giolitti Ital Premier; Prince Ito, Jap Premier; Cleveland, US Pres; Gladstone, Eng PM | 1892 NE CONJ PL Ge Ge | 1892 CH Vi |
| + | * RUSSIA: modern'n & industrial'n under Count Witte ('hotbed of capitalism', peasant hardship) | 1892 UR +qcx NE Sc Ge | |
| + | * USA: economic & indust'l growth (tycoons Carnegie, Rockefeller, Vanderbilt, Morgan, Astor) | 1892 UR +qcx PL Sc Ge | |
| + | E EUROPE: Pan-Slavic Conference at Cracow; BRITAIN: Keir Hardy becomes first Labour MP | ||
| + | INNOVN: Diesel motor, viscose (rayon), auto telephone switchboard, canned pineapples introduced | ||
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| 1893 | * EUROPE: Euro powers compete for world power (1890-1914); German growth; French banking | 1893 CH +SQR NE Vi Ge | 1893 CH Vi |
| + | BRITAIN: est of Ind Labour Party (MP Keir Hardie); Irish Home Rule Bill fails; Mc'r Ship Canal | 1893 CH +SQR PL Vi Ge | |
| + | * WORLD: large scale emigration from Europe (Poland, Italy, Scand) to USA, Aust'lia, colonies | 1893 UR +qcx NE Sc Ge | |
| + | INNOVN: Benz (Germany) & Ford (USA) construct their first motor cars | 1893 UR +qcx PL Sc Ge | |
| + | 1893 CH -sxt UR Vi Sc | ||
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| 1894 | ASIA: Sino-Japanese war (1894-5): Japan takes Taiwan; Korea independent; foreign infl in China grows | 1894 UR +qcx NE Sc Ge | 1894 CH Li |
| + | EUROPE: Franco-Russian alliance; BRITAIN: intro of death duties (inheritance tax) | 1894 UR +qcx PL Sc Ge | |
| + | N AFRICA: Italian expansion in NE Africa (Abyssinia & Somalia) (fails in Abyssinia) | 1894 CH -ssq UR Vi Sc | |
| + | INNOVN: identification of plague bacillus; Sven Hedin in Tibet; Edison's Kinetoscope Parlor NY | ||
| + | ARTS: Kipling's 'Jungle Book'; HG Wells' 'Time Machine' | ||
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| 1895 | INNOVN: Roentgen discovers X-rays; Marconi radio telegraphy; Isiolkovsky rocket propulsion | 1895 CH Peri 5Li | |
| + | INNOVN: 1st public showing of motion pictures in Paris (Lumiere); Gillette's safety razor | 1895 UR +qcx NE Sc Ge | |
| + | C AMERICA: Cuban uprising against Spain (supported by USA, seeking econ domination in S Amer) | 1895 CH +tri PL Li Ge | |
| + | MIDEAST: massacres of Armenians in Turkey (envy of Armenian business abilities) | 1895 CH -ssx UR Li Sc | |
| + | ARTS: Sibelius 'Finlandia'; Tchaikovsky 'Swan Lake'; Mahler No 2; H Wood's Promenade Concerts | ||
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| 1896 | N AFRICA: Bt of Adowa: Abyssinians defeat Italians (40 years' independence; Italian colonialism fails) | 1896 CH +sqt NE Sc Ge | 1896 CH Sc |
| + | IDEAS: Herzel publishes 'The Jewish State', calling for a Jewish national home | 1896 CH +sqt PL Li Ge | |
| + | RUSSIA: strikes & revolts against absolutist rule of Nicholas II (1894-1917) (fuelling revol'n) | 1896 CH -ssx UR Li Sc | |
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| + | N AMERICA: Klondike Gold Rush; EUROPE: first modern Olympic Games, Athens; Nobel Prizes est'd | ||
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| 1897 | CHINA: Russia & Germany occupy ports in N China; expansion of British Hong Kong (Kowloon) | 1897 Sa CONJ UR Sc Sc | 1897 UR Sg |
| + | EUROPE: first Zionist Conference, Basel; IDEAS: Webbs' 'Industrial Democracy' | 1897 CH +qcx PL Sc Ge | |
| + | INNOVN: electron & radioactivity discovered; cathode rays researched; malaria bacillus ident'd | ||
| + | * ARTS: Shaw, Kipling, Wells, Hardy, Wilde, Chekhov, Strindberg, Ibsen, Tolstoi, Gide at work | ||
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| 1898 | CHINA: abortive 100 Days Reform; intrusion of capitalism; growth of new Chinese working class | 1898 CH CONJ UR Sg Sg | 1898 UR Sg |
| + | RUSSIA: establishment of Social Democratic Workers' Party | 1898 Sa OPPN PL Sg Ge | 1898 CH Sg |
| + | FRANCE: religious & political strife in France (Dreyfus affair); Fashoda crisis, UK & France | ||
| + | USA: USA annexes Guam, P Rico & Philippines; end of Spanish empire; begn of USA expansionism | ||
| + | INNOVN: the Curies observe radioactivity and isolate radium in France | ||
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| 1899 | S AFRICA: Boer War (1899-1902, British overcome Afrikaners at great cost) | 1899 CH OPPN PL Sg Ge | |
| + | IDEAS: Howard's 'Garden Cities of Tomorrow' initiates modern city planning | 1899 Sa OPPN NE Sg Ge | |
| + | GERMANY: Germany expands its navy (beginning of major German world expansion) | ||
| + | EUROPE: Peace Conference at the Hague (also 1907) (pacifists fail to curb imperialism & war) | ||
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| 1900 | CHINA: Boxer rebellion in N China (against foreign powers); Europeans force 'open door policy' | 1900 CH OPPN NE Sg Ge | |
| + | C AFRICA: Copper mining begins in Katanga, Congo; C ASIA: oil drilling in Persia & Azerbaijan | 1900 Sa OPPN NE Sg Ge | |
| + | IDEAS: Planck evolves Quantum Theory; Freud's 'Interpretation of Dreams' (psychoanalysis) | ||
| + | JAPAN: reinstatement of Shinto (to counterbalance Buddhism); MED'N: discovery of Minoan civiln | ||
| + | INNOVN: first transmission of speech by radio waves by Fessenden | ||
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| 1901 | OCEANIA: unification of Australia as a commonwealth; BRITAIN: death of Q Victoria (end of era) | 1901 UR OPPN PL Sg Ge | 1901 NE Cn |
| + | AMERICAS: USA gains control of Cuba & Panama Canal; Theodore Roosevelt US President (1901-08) | 1901 Ju CONJ CH Cp Cp | 1901 CH Cp |
| + | INNOVN: BEGINNING OF THE AGE OF ELECTRICITY | 1901 CH OPPN NE Cp Cn | |
| + | INNOVN: Trans-Siberian Rly reaches China; Lake Victoria-Mombasa Rly, Kenya; Aswan Dam, Egypt | 1901 UR on S Node | |
| + | IDEAS: Anthroposophy started by Rudolf Steiner; Rabindranath Tagore's Santiniketan school | ||
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| 1902 | WORLD: British Colonial Conference, London (power shift in empire); | 1902 UR OPPN PL Sg Ge | 1902 NE Cn |
| + | S AMERICA: Argentina gains Patagonia (develops as economic leader in S America) | ||
| + | S AFRICA: Boer War ends -- Boers lose independence; British rule over South Africa | ||
| + | RUSSIA: Social Revolutionary Party founded; USA: coal miners' strike (workers' movements grow) | ||
| + | * ARTS: M Gorky, H Belloc, Masefield, Beatrix Potter, Conan Doyle, H Hesse, Chesterton at work | ||
| + | OCEANIA: 'White Australia Policy' starts, lasting 60 years | ||
| 1903 | INNOVN: AGE OF FLIGHT: Wright Brothers fly a petrol-powered aircraft, USA | 1903 CH -qcx PL Cp Ge | |
| + | RUSSIA: pogroms against Jews; Soc Dem Party splits (reformist Mensheviks, revolnry Bolsheviks) | ||
| + | INNOVN: motor taxis (London); teddy bears (USA); ECG (Holland); Tour de France; drink laws (UK) | ||
| + | C EUROPE: unrest and nationalism in Serbia | ||
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| 1904 | INDIA: partition of Bengal; nat'list agitation in India; Brit expedition to Tibet (anti-China) | 1904 UR Cp | |
| + | E ASIA: Russo-Japanese war (against Russ expansion; Jap success stimulates Asian nationalism) | 1904 CH +ssx UR Cp Sg | |
| + | EUROPE: Entente (1904-14): European alliances of Germany + Austria, Britain + France + Russia | ||
| + | C EUROPE: Serbs & Croatians bury differences, form 'Yugoslavian solidarity' against Aust-Hung | ||
| + | INNOVN: Rutherford's Theory of Radioactivity; photoelectric cells; UV lamps; phonographs | ||
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| 1905 | RUSSIA: 1st Russian revolution (defused by pseudo-reforms & subversion); rise of Rasputin | 1905 CH +ssx UR Aq Cp | 1905 CH Aq |
| + | SCANDNVA: Norway ind of Sweden (dissolution of Scand'n Union); ITALY: liberal reforms & growth | 1905 CH -qcx NE Aq Cn | |
| + | IDEAS: Einstein's Theory of Relativity; INNOVN: deep underground railways (London & New York) | 1905 CH -sqt PL Aq Ge | |
| + | CHINA: Kuomintang formed under Sun Yat-sen (for Chinese autonomy, democracy & econ rights) | ||
| + | WORLD: revolts in Crete, Thailand, Poland, Finland, SW Africa (Hottentots) against empires | ||
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| 1906 | PERSIA: revolution in Persia; INDIA: Aga Khan founds All-India Moslem League | 1906 UR OPPN NE Cp Cn | |
| + | N AFRICA: France & Spain control & divide Morocco; CHINA: Britain agrees to cut opium trade | 1906 CH -qcx NE Aq Cn | |
| + | USA: San Francisco earthquake | 1906 CH -sqt PL Aq Ge | |
| + | INNOVN: Patents Act (UK); Pure Foods & Drugs Act (USA); 'Lusitania' crosses Atlantic in 5 days | ||
| + | ARTS: Strauss, Delius, Elgar, Hammerstein, Mahler, Rimski-Korsakov, Bartok, Schonberg, at work | ||
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| 1907 | WORLD: Peace Conference at the Hague (diplomatic precedent); internat'l financial panic | 1907 UR OPPN NE Cp Cn | |
| + | OCEANIA: New Zealand acquires dominion status; ASIA: Japan gains control of Korea | 1907 CH -qcx NE Aq Cn | |
| + | ARTS: exhibition of cubist paintings in Paris: Picasso, Braque | ||
| + | INNOVN: Pavlov on reflexes; colour photography; tissue culture techniques; Boy Scouts founded | ||
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| 1908 | E EUROPE: Bulgaria independent; Austria annexes Bosnia & Herzegovina (unpopular in Balkans) | 1908 UR OPPN NE Cp Cn | |
| + | OTTOMANS: revolt of Young Turks (seeking const'l rights & suffrage, to halt Ottoman decline) | 1908 Ju OPPN CH Le Aq | |
| + | S AFRICA: Union of S Africa estd; Crete unites with Greece; EUROPE: travels of Edward VII | ||
| + | GERMANY: Zeppelin disaster; INNOVN: 1st steel-glass building; bakelite; Model-T Ford; ammonia | ||
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| 1909 | 1909 UR OPPN NE Cp Cn | ||
| + | INNOVN: Peary reaches North Pole; Bleriot flies Eng Channel; genetics research (Morgan) | 1909 CH -tri PL Aq Ge | |
| + | C AMERICA: civil war in Honduras | ||
| + | * ARTS: development of abstract painting: Kandinsky, Mondrian | ||
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| 1910 | E ASIA: Japan (by now a modern power) annexes Korea (until 1945) | 1910 UR OPPN NE Cp Cn | 1910 CH Pi |
| + | S AFRICA: formation of Union of South Africa (Boer general Botha first PM) | 1910 HALLEY'S COMET | |
| + | WORLD: Mexican Revolution begins; republican revolution in Portugal; revolt in Albania | 1910 CH -tri PL Aq Ge | |
| + | ARTS: Matisse, Cezanne, Picasso, Epstein, Monet, Kandinsky at work; architect F Lloyd Wright | ||
| + | INNOVN: devel of plastics; Rutherford's Theory of Atomic Structure; research in oceanography | ||
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| 1911 | CHINA: CHINESE REPUBLICAN REVOLUTION (Sun Yat-sen); end of Manchu dynasty (1644-1911) | 1911 UR -qcx PL Cp Ge | 1911 CH Pi |
| + | N AFRICA: Italy conquers Libya (Turkish-Italian war) (1st use of airplanes in warfare) | 1911 CH -sqt NE Pi Cn | |
| + | BRITAIN: suffragettes (Emily Pankhurst) seek women's votes & rights; also many labour strikes | ||
| + | BRITAIN: Lloyd George's Nat Insurance Bill & Official Secrets Act | ||
| + | C ASIA: independence of Tibet & Mongolia; WORLD: Amundsen reaches South Pole (Scott 1912) | ||
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| 1912 | SE EUROPE: Balkan Crisis (1912-13): Balkan states unify against Turkey & Austria | 1912 UR -qcx PL Cp Ge | 1912 UR Aq |
| + | * EUROPE: armaments race between European powers; BRITAIN: RAF founded | 1912 CH -sqt NE Pi Cn | |
| + | BRITAIN: miners', dock & transport strikes; USA: textile workers' strikes (IWW) | ||
| + | IDEAS: Adler, Jung, Jaspers on psychanalysis; Taussig, Mitchell, Oppenheimer on social economy | ||
| + | RUSSIA: Lenin & Stalin join forces, Lenin edits Pravda; ATLANTIC: sinking of the Titanic | ||
| + | INNOVN: vitamins, protons & electrons identified; cellophane prodn; FW Woolworth & Co founded | ||
| 1913 | INNOVN: Henry Ford develops conveyer-belt production of Model-T car, Detroit USA | 1913 CH -sqt NE Pi Cn | 1913 PL Cn |
| + | SE EUROPE: Balkan states fight over land & sovreignty; Balkans 'powder-keg of Europe' | ||
| + | INDIA: Mahatma Ghandi (Passive Resistance Mvmnt) arrested; BRITAIN: Mrs Pankhurst jailed | ||
| + | * IDEAS: Bertrand Russell, Nils Bohr, J Jeans, R Steiner, Albert Schweizer, Einstein at work | ||
| + | * ARTS: Charlie Chaplin, Cecil B de Mille, Irving Berlin, Rutland Boughton; jazz popular | ||
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| 1914 | E ASIA: Germany yields islands in Pacific to Japan, Australia & NZ, and concessions in China | 1914 CH -sqt NE Pi Cn | 1914 PL Cn |
| + | EUROPE: OUTBREAK OF FIRST WORLD WAR (fuelled by Balkan crisis & intransigent Euro powers) | 1914 NE Le | |
| + | EUROPE: Battles of Namur, Mons, Ypres, Tannenberg, Marne; AMERICAS: strife between US & Mexico | ||
| + | WORLD: French & British annex German colonies except Ger E Africa; UK takes Egypt (Suez Canal) | ||
| + | C AMERICA: Panama Canal opens; AFRICA: uniting of Nigeria | ||
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| 1915 | EUROPE: devastating war in Belgium, Poland, North Sea, Aegean, Armenia, Persia, Balkans | 1915 Ju CONJ CH Pi Pi | 1915 NE Le |
| + | EUROPE: airborne & submarine war, zeppelins bomb London; Joffre, Haig & Nicholas II commanders | 1915 Sa CONJ PL Cn Cn | |
| + | USA: Pres W Wilson's 'New Freedom' (against corruption, trusts, protectionism & unfair taxes) | ||
| + | INNOVN: Ford's farm tractor & millionth car; 1st transcontinental telephone call (Bell) | ||
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| 1916 | INNOVN: 1st birth control clinic opens, NY USA; blood transfusion; USA: alcohol prohibition | 1916 NE +ssx PL Le Cn | 1916 NE Le |
| + | INDIA: Hindus & Muslims join to call for Indian autonomy; EUROPE: M Buber 'Spirit of Judaism' | 1916 UR -sqt PL Aq Cn | |
| + | EUROPE: expensive stalemate in war provokes political crises in all countries | ||
| + | IRELAND: Sinn Fein Easter Rebellion; MIDEAST: TE Lawrence supports Arabs against Turks | ||
| + | AMERICAS: USA expands in Caribbean (buying Danish & Dutch islands) | ||
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| 1917 | MIDEAST: Balfour Declaration promises Jews a national home in British-occupied Palestine | 1917 Sa CONJ NE Le Le | |
| + | RUSSIA: OCTOBER REVOLUTION IN RUSSIA: 1st socialist state; peace, land reform, democracy | 1917 NE +ssx PL Le Cn | |
| + | USA: USA joins world war; EUROPE: Finland & Albania gain independence | 1917 UR -sqt PL Aq Cn | |
| + | EUROPE: Germany, Austria & Turkey in retreat; starvation in Germany | ||
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| 1918 | EUROPE: Germany, Austria & Turkey sue for armistice: end of First World War; 8.5m dead | 1918 Sa OPPN UR Le Aq | 1918 CH Ar |
| + | RUSSIA: minority Bolsheviks take over; widespread civil war; famine & disease spread | ||
| + | USA: Pres W Wilson announces 'Fourteen Points' (progressive treaty proposals for world) | ||
| + | ASIA: Japanese advance into Siberia; BRITAIN: women over 30 become voters | ||
| + | EUROPE: Czechoslovakia (Masaryk), Yugoslavia, Poland & Iceland independent | ||
| + | MIDEAST: Woolley excavates Babylon; INNOVN: Shapley researches Milky Way galaxy | ||
| 1919 | WORLD: nationalist movements & revolts in India, Egypt, China | 1919 CH -SQR PL Ar Cn | 1919 UR Pi |
| + | WORLD: Paris Peace Conference; map of Europe & Middle East redrawn; USA leading world power | 1919 Sa OPPN UR Vi Pi | 1919 CH Ar |
| + | EUROPE: influenza epidemic (millions die); unrest in Germany; Weimar Rep; White Russian defeat | ||
| + | INNOVN: Rutherford's research on atom, Cambridge UK; ARTS: Bauhaus school of design in Germany | ||
| + | INNOVN: first crossing of Atlantic by air (Alcock & Brown, 16 hrs); advances in meteorology | ||
| + | USA: race riots & strikes; MIDEAST: Syria independent; EUROPE: Hungary independent | ||
| 1920 | MIDEAST: Mustapha Kemal (Ataturk) leads Turkish nationalist movement & resistance to partition | 1920 CH -SQR PL Ar Cn | 1920 UR Pi |
| + | WORLD: League of Nations established, HQ Geneva (unsuccessful after 1924; USA does not join) | 1920 NE on N Node | |
| + | * WORLD: end of Euro dominance; rise of USA & USSR; disarmament fails; slow econ recovery; | 1920 Sa OPPN UR Vi Pi | |
| + | fragile new democratic states; antipathy to USSR; Third World nat'lism; Br & Fr divide M East | 1920 CH Aph 7Ar | |
| + | INNOVN: 1st public radio broadcasts, USA and UK (BBC); Int'l Court of Justice, Hague, founded | 1920 CH -tri NE Ar Le | |
| + | * WORLD: rise of Ghandi, Churchill, Mussolini, Hitler, Stalin; RUSSIA: end of Civil War | ||
| 1921 | PERSIA: Reza Khan becomes leader in Persia, becomes Shah 1925 (bringing reform) | 1921 UR -tri PL Pi Cn | |
| + | E AFRICA: Washington conference attempts to regulate situation in East Asia | 1921 CH -SQR PL Ar Cn | |
| + | N AFRICA: Battle of Anual: Spanish army defeated by Moroccans | 1921 Ju OPPN CH Li Ar | |
| + | USA: USA restricts immigration (maturing of nation); trade protectionism, stock-market boom | 1921 CH -tri NE Ar Le | |
| + | GERMANY: galloping inflation in Weimar Rep; PERSIA: Reza Khan takes power | ||
| + | IDEAS: Arthur Waley & WY Evans-Wentz, orientalists; | ||
| 1922 | MIDEAST: Greek army expelled from Turkey; last Ottoman sultan deposed; republic decl'd 1923 | 1922 UR -tri PL Pi Cn | |
| + | USSR: formation of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (CCCP); ITALY: Mussolini takes power | 1922 Ju OPPN CH Li Ar | |
| + | IRELAND: Irish Free State, Eire, created; BRITAIN: Marie Stopes advocates birth control | 1922 Sa OPPN CH Li Ar | |
| + | INNOVN: research on heredity (Morgan), white corpuscles, diabetes, physics, sound movies, stars | 1922 CH -tri NE Ar Le | |
| + | * ARTS: Louis Armstrong & Duke Ellington; TS Eliot, Brecht, James Joyce, V Woolf, DH Lawrence | ||
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| 1923 | EUROPE: French occupy Ruhr (on Ger failure to pay reparations); Pan-Europa Movement founded | 1923 Sa OPPN CH Li Ar | |
| + | USA: General Motors established (world's largest manufacturing company); racist Ku Klux Klan | 1923 UR -qcx NE Pi Le | |
| + | JAPAN: Tokyo & Yokohama destroyed in earthquake; WORLD: exploration in Tibet, Gobi & Poles | 1923 CH -tri NE Ar Le | |
| + | EUROPE: dictatorships: de Rivera in Spain, Mussolini in Italy | ||
| + | MIDEAST: Transjordan independent; Turkish capital moves to Ankara | ||
| + | IDEAS: Schweitzer 'Philosophy of Civil'n'; Webbs' 'Decay of Capitalism'; Mauthner 'Atheism' | ||
| 1924 | USSR: death of Lenin (rise of Stalin); * SCANDNVA: rise of Social Democracy (Hjalmar Branting) | 1924 UR -qcx NE Pi Le | |
| + | BRITAIN: 1st Labour gov't (Ramsey MacDonald) (short-lived); INDIA: Ghandi fasts 21 days | 1924 CH -tri NE Ar Le | |
| + | INNOVN: Imperial Airways; Time Mag; electric razor; Hubble Effect; theory of acids & bases | ||
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| 1925 | EUROPE: Locarno treaties stabilise frontiers in the West; MIDEAST: Hebrew University, Jerusalem | 1925 UR -qcx NE Pi Le | |
| + | GERMANY: Hitler's 'Mein Kampf' published; BRITAIN: Unemployment Insurance Act | 1925 CH -tri NE Ar Le | |
| + | IDEAS: Quantum Mechanics (Heisenberg, Bohr & Jordan) | ||
| + | JAPAN: general suffrage for males; MED'N: Cyprus becomes British colony | ||
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| 1926 | CHINA: Chiang Kai-shek reunites China; MIDEAST: reform & modern'n in Turkey | 1926 UR -qcx NE Pi Le | 1926 CH Ta |
| + | BRITAIN: general strike in Britain (against unemployment & gov't policies) | 1926 CH -tri NE Ar Le | |
| + | IBERIA: Salazar takes power in Portugal; N AFRICA: revolt crushed in Morocco by Spain | ||
| + | * ARTS: Talking movies, great film-makers: Griffith, Disney, Eisenstein, Hitchcock, Chaplin | ||
| + | ARTS: Milne's 'Winnie the Pooh'; INNOVN: Goddard (US) fires first rocket | ||
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| 1927 | WORLD: economic conference of 52 nations at Geneva | 1927 UR -qcx NE Pi Le | 1927 UR Ar |
| + | GERMANY: 'Black Friday' collapse of economy; foreign troops leave; Nazi Party program publ'd | 1927 CH Ta | |
| + | INNOVN: 1st electronic musical instrument; ARTS: Gershwin & Hammerstein at work in NYC, USA | ||
| + | INNOVN: Lindbergh's NY-Paris flight in 'Spirit of St Louis' (33 hrs) | ||
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| 1928 | USSR: first Five Year Plan and collectivisation of agriculture in USSR (command economy') | 1928 UR Ar | |
| + | WORLD: Briand-Kellogg Pact (15+54 states sign) bans war as a means to settle conflicts | 1928 NE Vi | |
| + | BRITAIN: suffrage for women over 21; ATLANTIC: Amelia Earhart flies Atlantic | ||
| + | INNOVN: Fleming discs penicillin; 1st organ transplants; 1st TV broadcasts, NY; teleprinters | ||
| + | S AMERICA: collapse of Brazilian economy | ||
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| 1929 | WORLD: Wall Street Crash precipitates world economic depression (unemployment, loss, poverty) | 1929 Ju CONJ CH Ta Ta | 1929 NE Vi |
| + | BRITAIN: Labour gov't (R MacDonald); OCEANIA: Labour gov't; RUSSIA: Trotsky exiled (killed 39) | ||
| + | C EUROPE: dictatorship in Yugoslavia; MIDEAST: Palestinians attack Jews (over Wailing Wall) | ||
| + | USA: construction of Empire State Building (1929-31); * growth of comic strips; gangsterism | ||
| + | INNOVN: isol'n of estrone (fem hormone); quartz-crystal clock; Einstein's Unified Field Theory | ||
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| 1930 | S AMERICA: military revolution in Brazil & Argentina; * GERMANY: rise of Nazi Party & sponsors | 1930 PL on N Node | |
| + | WORLD: naval disarmament treaty (US UK Japan France Italy); * int'l drive against narcotics | 1930 NE +ssq PL Vi Cn | |
| + | INDIA: Mahatma Ghandi stats campaign of non-violent civil disobedience against British | ||
| + | INNOVN: planet Pluto discovered by Tombaugh; devel of cyclotron; photo flash bulbs | ||
| + | AFRICA: Ras Tafari becomes Ethiopian Emp Haile Selassie; trans-Africa Benguela Rly completed | ||
| + | IDEAS: Adler, Freud, Keynes, Planck, Trotsky, Laski, Einstein, Heidegger, Vienna Circle | ||
| 1931 | E ASIA: Japanese annex Manchuria; INDIA: anti-British unrest, Congress banned, Ghandi arrested | 1931 Sa OPPN PL Cp Cn | |
| + | IBERIA: Spain becomes a republic | 1931 NE +ssq PL Vi Cn | |
| + | BRITAIN: Gold Standard abandoned (econ downfall); EUROPE: bank crises in Germany & Austria | 1931 CH -sxt PL Ta Cn | |
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| 1932 | MIDEAST: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia formed by Ibn Saud; USSR: 2nd Five Year Plan; famine | 1932 UR -SQR PL Ar Cn | |
| + | S AMERICA: Chaco War, Bolivia & Paraguay; USA: FD Roosevelt Pres (32-45) (reconstruction) | 1932 NE +ssq PL Vi Cn | |
| + | GERMANY: Nazi majority in Reichstag; emigration of artists; JAPAN: export price undercutting | 1932 UR -sqt NE Ar Vi | |
| + | INNOVN: devel of radio astronomy; Piccard's balloon flight to 17.5 miles up; vitamin research | 1932 CH -sxt PL Ta Cn | |
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| 1933 | GERMANY: Hitler Chancellor (33-45): Nazi revolution: Reichstag fire, dictatorship, Jew-hunts | 1933 UR -SQR PL Ar Cn | 1933 CH Ge |
| + | USA: Roosevelt's 'New Deal'; US abandons Gold Standard; recognises USSR; repeals prohibition | 1933 UR -sqt NE Ar Vi | |
| + | FRANCE: Stavisky corruption scandal; MIDEAST: massacre of Assyrian christians in Iraq | ||
| + | INNOVN: Arctic warming discovered (9oC in 30 yrs); ARTS: 'King Kong' | ||
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| 1934 | * CHINA: Long March of Communists begins, with Mao Tse-dong; USSR: Stalin's purges begin | 1934 UR -SQR PL Ar Cn | 1934 UR Ta |
| + | N AFRICA: Italian suppression of Senussi resistance in Libya | 1934 UR -sqt NE Ar Vi | 1934 CH Ge |
| + | EUROPE: revolution in Austria; Hitler & Mussolini meet; gen strike in France | ||
| + | WORLD: USSR joins League of Nations, Japan leaves, renounces various treaties | ||
| + | BRITAIN: regional planning & driving tests introduced; Churchill warns of war | ||
| + | IDEAS: Toynbee's 'A Study of History'; ARTS: Gershwin's 'Porgy & Bess'; Fred Astaire | ||
| 1935 | N AFRICA: Italy invades Ethiopia | 1935 CH -SQR NE Ge Vi | 1935 UR Ta |
| + | C AMERICA: land redistribution & oil nationalisation in Mexico; USA: Social Security Act | 1935 UR -sqt NE Ar Vi | |
| + | GERMANY: Saarland annexed, breaking of treaties, social pressures; USSR: political show trials | 1935 CH -ssq PL Ge Cn | |
| + | INNOVN: Alcoholics Anonymous, NYC; radar; Hammond Organs | ||
| + | BRITAIN: Oswald Mosley's Fascism | ||
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| 1936 | MIDEAST: Palestinian revolt against Jewish immigration; oil pipeline Iraq-Levant | 1936 Ju OPPN CH Sg Ge | |
| + | GERMANY: German reoccupation of Rhineland; Japan signs anti-Comintern pact with Germany | 1936 CH -SQR NE Ge Vi | |
| + | IBERIA: Spanish Civil War begins (Franco); N AFRICA: British occupy Suez Canal by alliance | 1936 Sa OPPN NE Pi Vi | |
| + | AMERICAS: Pan-American Congress; USA proclaims good-neighbour policy; USA: 'Swing' music | 1936 CH +ssq UR Ge Ta | |
| + | IDEAS: Keynes' 'Theory of Employment, Interest & Money'; INNOVN: BBC regular TV transmissions | ||
| + | |||
| 1937 | ASIA: Japan invades China (Beijing, Shanghai, Nanking); Chiang Kai-Shek & Mao Tse-Dong unite | 1937 CH -SQR NE Ge Vi | 1937 PL Le |
| + | MIDEAST: separate Arab & Jewish Palestinian states suggested; WORLD: Germany-Italy-Japan pact | 1937 Sa OPPN NE Pi Vi | 1937 CH Cn |
| + | 1937 CH +ssq UR Ge Ta | ||
| + | USA: neutrality declared; econ recession; 'Hindenberg' zeppelin disaster; Ford Foundation estd | 1937 CH -ssx PL Ge Cn | |
| + | INNOVN: jet engine first built in UK; 1st worldwide radio broadcast; nylon patented (du Pont) | ||
| + | |||
| 1938 | EUROPE: Germany occupies Austria; Munich conference; dismemberment of Czechoslovakia | 1938 CH +ssq UR Ge Ta | 1938 PL Le |
| + | USSR: pogroms & trials, rapid industrialisation; EUROPE: Roosevelt urges European amicability | 1938 CH -ssx PL Ge Cn | 1938 CH Cn |
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| 1939 | EUROPE: Germany invades Poland: SECOND WORLD WAR begins; war at sea, USSR fights in Poland | 1939 UR -tri NE Ta Vi | 1939 PL Le |
| + | IBERIA: fascist dictator Franco in power, Civil War ends; alliance with Germany-Italy | ||
| + | USA: economic boom (war trade from Europe); WORLD: Pan-Am & BOAC founded | ||
| + | E ASIA: Japanese friction with USA & UK in China | ||
| + | INNOVN: polyethylene; Sikorsky's helicopter; DDT; research on splitting atom; FM radio | ||
| + | |||
| 1940 | EUROPE: Germany overruns Norway, Belgium, France, Denmark, Netherlands | 1940 UR -tri NE Ta Vi | 1940 CH Le |
| + | W EUROPE: air Battle of Britain; Brit night bombing of Germany; U-boat warfare | 1940 CH +sxt UR Cn Ta | |
| + | CHINA: UK reopens Burma Road to supply Chinese against Japan | 1940 CH -sxt NE Cn Vi | |
| + | |||
| + | FRANCE: Lascaux prehistoric wall paintings discovered (20,000 yrs old) | ||
| + | |||
| 1941 | WORLD: Japan attacks USA in Hawaii: USA enters Second World War | 1941 UR -tri NE Ta Vi | 1941 UR Ge |
| + | WORLD: Germany invades Russia & Egypt; Japan invades Hong Kong & Philippines | 1941 CH CONJ PL Le Le | 1941 CH Le |
| + | WORLD: USA begins lend-lease to Britain (end of British capital dominance in world) | 1941 CH -ssq NE Le Vi | |
| + | INNOVN: 'Manhattan Project' (atomic research); plutonium discovered | 1941 CH -sxt NE Cn Vi | |
| + | |||
| + | |||
| 1942 | ASIA: Japan overruns SE Asia; PACIFIC: Battle of Midway: USA halts Japanese expansion | 1942 UR -tri NE Ta Vi | 1942 UR Ge |
| + | N AFRICA: Battle of El Alamein, German defeat and retreat (turning-point) | 1942 Sa CONJ UR Ta Ta | 1942 NE Li |
| + | EUROPE: German VIth army surrenders at Stalingrad; Italian capitulation; Jewish Holocaust | 1942 CH -ssq NE Le Vi | |
| + | INNOVN: Fermi splits the atom; 1st electronic computer; magnetic tape-recording; Oxfam founded | ||
| + | INDIA: Ghandi demands Indian independence | ||
| + | |||
| 1943 | EUROPE: German retreat begins; Warsaw ghetto massacre; bombing of Germany; Italy surrenders | 1943 UR -tri NE Ge Li | 1943 NE Li |
| + | ASIA: US forces take Pacific islands; Chinese push back Japanese | 1943 UR -sxt PL Ge Le | 1943 CH Vi |
| + | USA: race riots; wage, salary & price freeze (against inflation) | 1943 CH +SQR UR Vi Ge | |
| + | 1943 CH +ssx PL Vi Le | ||
| + | 1943 CH -ssx NE Le Vi | ||
| + | |||
| 1944 | EUROPE: Allied landings in Normandy (D-Day); Russian advance in E Europe; Warsaw uprising | 1944 UR -sxt PL Ge Le | 1944 CH Li |
| + | ASIA: Vietnam (Ho Chih Minh) decl ind of France & Japan; Japanese losses; US bombs Japan | 1944 CH +ssq PL Vi Le | |
| + | S AMERICA: rise of Peron in Argentina; FRANCE: de Gaulle takes power | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| 1945 | WORLD: Yalta Conference (Stalin, Roosevelt, Churchill; begn of 'Cold War'; world map redrawn) | 1945 Ju CONJ CH Li Li | 1945 CH Li |
| + | EUROPE: defeat of Germany, suicide of Hitler; Germany divided into 4 zones; Nuremburg trials | 1945 CH CONJ NE Li Li | |
| + | INNOVN: ATOMIC BOMB FIRST DETONATED, NM, USA; atomic energy research, Harwell, UK | 1945 UR on N Node | |
| + | WORLD: USA drops atom bombs on Hiroshima & Nagasaki (forcing surrender); WW II ends, 45m dead | 1945 CH Peri 7Li | |
| + | WORLD: UNITED NATIONS established, HQ New York; WORLD BANK founded (reconstr'n & devel't) | 1945 CH +sxt PL Li Le | |
| + | MIDEAST: Arab League formed; C EUROPE: People's Rep of Yugoslavia declared (Tito) | 1945 CH +tri UR Li Ge | |
| 1946 | CHINA: Civil War in China (1945-9) (between Kuomintang & Communists) | 1946 CH +sqt UR Sc Ge | 1946 CH Sc |
| + | * SE ASIA: Vietnamese struggle against France (1946-54); MIDEAST: Br & Fr leave Lebanon | 1946 CH +tri UR Li Ge | |
| + | EUROPE: Paris Peace Conference; general devastation & chaos; Churchill's 'Iron Curtain' speech | ||
| + | GERMANY: Communists gain gov't in E Germany; SCANDNVA: Tage Erlander, PM of Sweden (46-69) | ||
| + | INNOVN: pilotless missile; discovery of 'solar wind'; xerography process (photocopying) | ||
| + | |||
| 1947 | S ASIA: India (Hindu) & Pakistan (Islamic) independent (Ghandi & Nehru); Burma independent | 1947 CH +SQR PL Sc Le | |
| + | WORLD: intensification of Cold War (1945-89): Truman Doctrine; formation of NATO alliance | 1947 Sa CONJ PL Le Le | |
| + | SE EUROPE: Greek Civil War (1947-9); USA: first UFOs reported | 1947 CH +sqt UR Sc Ge | |
| + | EUROPE: US Marshall Plan for econ reconstruction in Europe; Benelux customs union (seed of EC) | 1947 CH +ssx NE Sc Li | |
| + | INNOVN: supersonic flight, USA; transistor invented; Thor Heyerdahl sails Pacific on Kon Tiki | ||
| + | |||
| 1948 | MIDEAST: establishment of state of Israel (Ben Gurion): first Arab-Israeli war | 1948 CH +qcx UR Sc Ge | 1948 UR Cn |
| + | E EUROPE: Communist takeover in Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary; Berlin airlift | 1948 CH +ssq NE Sc Li | 1948 CH Sg |
| + | AMERICAS: Organisation of American States established; WORLD: World Health Assembly, Geneva | ||
| + | EUROPE: Hague Conference on European Unity; INNOVN: LP record, Mt Palomar telescope | ||
| + | IDEAS: Kinsey on sexology; Big Bang theory of origin of universe | ||
| + | ARTS: Rodgers & Hammerstein's 'South Pacific' | ||
| 1949 | CHINA: Communist victory; PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA declared (Mao Tse-Dong, Chou En-lai) | 1949 UR -ssq PL Ge Le | 1949 UR Cn |
| + | SE ASIA: Indonesia independent; CHINA: Chiang Kai-Shek removes to Formosa (Taiwan) | ||
| + | EUROPE: Council of Europe founded, Strasbourg; German Federal Republic founded | ||
| + | S AFRICA: apartheid program inaugurated; USA: anti-Communist trials (McCarthyism) | ||
| + | INNOVN: US missile reaches 250 miles into space; USSR first atomic bomb | ||
| + | BRITAIN: nationalisation & establishment of 'welfare state' |
| 1950 | E ASIA: Korean War (1950-53) (communists against capitalists); US aids Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia | 1950 NE +sxt PL Li Le | |
| + | C ASIA: Chinese forces occupy Tibet; S AFRICA: race riots against apartheid, Jo'burg | 1950 UR -ssq PL Cn Le | |
| + | USA: McCarthyite anti-Communist & Korea paranoia; Fuchs (UK) & Gold (US) atomic secrets trials | 1950 CH +sxt NE Sg Li | |
| + | WORLD: UN reports 450m children undernourished; world population 3.2 billion | 1950 CH +tri PL Sg Le | |
| + | |||
| + | |||
| 1951 | PACIFIC: Australia, NZ & USA sign Anzas Pact | 1951 NE +sxt PL Li Le | 1951 CH Cp |
| + | INNOVN: first nuclear power stations in USA & UK; colour TV (US) | 1951 CH +sqt PL Cp Le | |
| + | WORLD: Cold War: defections (Burgess & Maclean); spy trials in US & Czech'ia; E Berlin escapes | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| 1952 | E AFRICA: Mau-Mau rebellion in Kenya | 1952 NE +sxt PL Li Le | |
| + | N AFRICA: military revolt against Britain in Egypt; proclamation of republic by Nasser 1953 | 1952 CH OPPN UR Cp Cn | |
| + | INNOVN: contraceptive pill developed (US); hydrogen bomb (US); isotopes in medicine & industry | 1952 Sa CONJ NE Li Li | |
| + | GERMANY: economic revival, Germany joins World Bank; Israeli-German restitution agreement | 1952 CH +sqt PL Cp Le | |
| + | N AMERICA: 1st major nuclear accident & leak, Canada | ||
| + | |||
| 1953 | USSR: end of Stalinist period in USSR; Kruschev First Secretary; E ASIA: Korean Armistice | 1953 NE +sxt PL Li Le | |
| + | WORLD: Dag Hammarskjold, Secretary-General of UN (1953-61); Hillary & Tenzing climb Mt Everest | 1953 CH OPPN UR Cp Cn | |
| + | AFRICA: unrest in Kenya, Rhodesia & Nyasaland; WORLD: 1st Commonwealth Conference, London | 1953 Sa CONJ NE Li Li | |
| + | INNOVN: lung cancer attributed to cigarette smoking; structure of DNA molecule identified, UK | 1953 CH +qcx PL Cp Le | |
| + | * ARTS: Britten, Schoenberg, Stravinsky, K Amis, Som't Maugham, Wm Golding, Priestley, Picasso | ||
| + | 1954 NE +sxt PL Li Le | ||
| 1954 | SE ASIA: Laos, Cambodia & Vietnam become independent of France (Geneva Conference) | 1954 UR -SQR NE Cn Li | |
| + | N AFRICA: beginnings of nationalist revolt in Algeria | 1954 Ju OPPN CH Cn Cp | |
| + | WORLD: agreements France-W Germany, Japan-Burma, US-Taiwan, US-Japan | 1954 CH OPPN UR Cp Cn | |
| + | USA: McCarthyism tempered; physicist Oppenheimer demoted; Distant Early-Warning System (radar) | 1954 CH +SQR NE Cp Li | |
| + | INNOVN: Bannister runs 4-minute mile; WORLD: World Council of Churches convenes; Billy Graham | 1954 UR -ssx PL Cn Le | |
| + | 1954 CH +qcx PL Cp Le | ||
| 1955 | ASIA: Bandung conference | 1955 NE +sxt PL Li Le | 1955 UR Le |
| + | E EUROPE: Warsaw Pact signed (Soviet & E European defence pact) | 1955 UR -SQR NE Cn Li | 1955 NE Sc |
| + | W EUROPE: European Union (France, Italy, W Germany); BRITAIN: rail & dock strikes | 1955 Ju OPPN CH Le Aq | 1955 CH Aq |
| + | WORLD: Universal Copyright Convention; INNOVN: UHF broadcasting; artificial diamonds | 1955 CH OPPN UR Aq Le | |
| + | USA: black civil rights agitation, Alabama; rise of Martin Luther King; AFL-CIO merger | 1955 CH +SQR NE Cp Li | |
| + | INNOVN: hovercraft & optical fibres | 1955 UR -ssx PL Cn Le | |
| 1956 | MIDEAST: Second Arab-Israeli war; N AFRICA: Suez crisis: Anglo-French invasion of canal zone | 1956 UR -SQR NE Le Sc | 1956 UR Le |
| + | E EUROPE: Polish revolt, Gomulka in power; Hungarian revolt crushed by Russia (mass arrests) | 1956 NE Sc | |
| + | S ASIA: Pakistan becomes an Islamic Republic; AFRICA: Sudan, Tunisia, Morocco independent | 1956 PL Vi | |
| + | * ARTS: rock'n'roll: Elvis Presley's 'Blue Suede Shoes'; AMERICAS: Fidel Castro & Che Guevara | ||
| + | INNOVN: transatlantic telephone cable; neutrino discd; antibiotic research; FORTRAN devised | ||
| + | IDEAS: dawn of mass Peace Movement (CND marches, Aldermaston, UK); INNOVN: 1st video recording | ||
| 1957 | SE ASIA: Civil war in Vietnam | 1957 PL Vi | |
| + | EUROPE: Treaty of Rome: FORMATION OF EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EFTA 1959 | 1957 NE Sc | |
| + | * AFRICA: decolonisation in W Africa: Ghana independent | ||
| + | INNOVN: FIRST SPACE SATELLITES LAUNCHED, Sputniks I & II, USSR | ||
| + | WORLD: 71 cities with 1m+ people (16 in 1914) | ||
| + | |||
| 1958 | FRANCE: Fifth Republic in France, under Gen de Gaulle | 1958 PL Vi | |
| + | WORLD: Communist influence (USSR-China coop'n, USSR aid to Egypt & Cuba; Chinese in Indochina) | ||
| + | AMERICAS: West Indies Federation; anti-USA feeling in S America; USA: 'Explorer' satellite | ||
| + | WORLD: Beatnik movement in Europe & USA; nuclear submarine passes under Arctic icecap | ||
| + | INNOVN: Van Allen belt discovered; stereo recording; IDEAS: Galbraith's 'Affluent Society' | ||
| + | |||
| 1959 | C AMERICA: Cuban Revolution (Fidel Castro) | ||
| + | WORLD: World Refugee Year; USSR sends 2 monkeys into space & Lunik satellites to moon | ||
| + | MED'N: Cyprus becomes republic under Archbishop Makarios | ||
| + | ARTS: Gunther Grass, Ionesco, Norman Mailer, J Updike, Ian Fleming, Philip Roth, Graham Greene | ||
| + | C ASIA: flight of Dalai Lama from Chinese-occd Tibet (gov't in exile in N India) | ||
| + | |||
| 1960 | ASIA: Sino-Soviet disputes begin (end of cooperation); USA-USSR: U-2 spyplane crisis | 1960 CH Pi | |
| + | AFRICA: 'Africa's Year': many states independent; outbreak of civil war in Congo | ||
| + | USA: JF Kennedy, Pres (60-63); USSR: Leonid Brezhnev Pres; WORLD: US-USSR-UK-Fr summit fails | ||
| + | S AMERICA: Brasilia becomes capital of Brazil; GERMANY: neo-Nazism grows, is banned | ||
| + | INNOVN: 1st communications & weather satellites, USA; laser device; carbon-14 dating | ||
| + | |||
| 1961 | SE ASIA: Increasing US involvement in Vietnam (against Communist growth) | 1961 CH OPPN PL Pi Vi | 1961 UR Vi |
| + | EUROPE: East Germans build Berlin Wall (height of 'Cold War'; AMERICAS: 'Bay of Pigs' fiasco | 1961 CH Pi | |
| + | S AFRICA: South Africa becomes independent republic; UN condemns apartheid | ||
| + | INNOVN: FIRST MAN IN SPACE, Gagarin, USSR; structure of DNA molecule determined, UK | ||
| + | AFRICA: Tanganyika Conference (on protecting African wildlife) | ||
| + | ARTS: Heller's 'Catch-22', Heinlein's 'Stranger in a Strange Land' | ||
| 1962 | ASIA: Sino-Indian war (in Himalayas) | 1962 Ju CONJ CH Pi Pi | 1962 UR Vi |
| + | AFRICA: Algeria independent (after uprising against France); Uganda & Tanganyika independent | 1962 CH OPPN PL Pi Vi | |
| + | WORLD: Cuba missile crisis (threat of nuclear war); U Thant UN Secretary-General | ||
| + | ROME: Second Vatican Council reforms catholic liturgy & dogma | ||
| + | INNOVN: Telstar, Venus probe, orbiting astronauts; thalidomide scandal | ||
| + | * WORLD: decline of 19th C industries (coal-based) & rise of Third World industry (SE Asia) | ||
| 1963 | USA: civil rights unrest, Alabama, 'Freedom Marches', DC; Kennedy assassinated | 1963 CH OPPN PL Pi Vi | |
| + | USSR-USA 'Hot Line'; Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (USA, USSR, UK); BRITAIN: Gt Train Robbery | 1963 CH +tri NE Pi Sc | |
| + | BRITAIN: Profumo Affair; Philby spy scandal; UK application to join EC rejected by de Gaulle | ||
| + | INNOVN: first woman in space (V Tereshkova, 3 days); quasars discovered; artificial heart used | ||
| + | SE ASIA: military coup in S Vietnam (USA aided); AFRICA: Kenya independent (Jomo Kenyatta) | ||
| + | |||
| 1964 | USA: Civil Rights Bill inaugurates Pres Johnson's Great Society program; BRITAIN: H Wilson, PM | 1964 CH OPPN PL Pi Vi | |
| + | CHINA: publication of 'Thoughts of Chairman Mao'; SE ASIA: escalation of Vietnam war | 1964 CH +tri NE Pi Sc | |
| + | AFRICA: Tanzania formed (Nyerere); Zambia (Kaunda), Malawi & Congo (Tshombe) independent | ||
| + | MIDEAST: Arafat becomes leader of Palestinian Al Fatah (PLO) | ||
| + | BRITAIN: Harold Wilson, PM; Mods & Rockers; 'Brain Drain'; emergence of Beatles & Mersey sound | ||
| + | 1965 CH OPPN PL Pi Vi | ||
| 1965 | INDIA: Indo-Pakistan War (over Kashmir); SE ASIA: military takeover in Indonesia | 1965 CH OPPN UR Pi Vi | |
| + | AFRICA: Rhodesia declares UDI; Gambia independent; socialist revolutionn in Algeria | 1965 UR CONJ PL Vi Vi | |
| + | USA: black civil rights marches (Alabama), anti-Vietnam War demonstrations, LA race riots | 1965 Sa OPPN UR Pi Vi | |
| + | SE ASIA: full-scale war in Vietnam; USSR supports N Vietnam | 1965 Sa OPPN PL Pi Vi | |
| + | WORLD: earthquake in Chile; tornadoes in US; cyclones in E Pakistan | 1965 CH +tri NE Pi Sc | |
| + | USA: Ralph Nader fights for consumer rights | 1966 UR CONJ PL Vi Vi | |
| 1966 | * CHINA: Cultural Revolution (Red Guard, purges, forced reforms, 'words of Chairman Mao') | 1966 UR -sxt NE Vi Sc | |
| + | USA: black discontent & growth of Black Power; WORLD: Int'l Days of Protest (anti-Vietnam War) | 1966 Sa CONJ CH Pi Pi | |
| + | * WORLD: 'Flower Power' & use of LSD grows amongst young (San Fran, London, Goa, A'dam, Med'n) | 1966 CH OPPN UR Pi Vi | |
| + | BRITAIN: econ downfall & standstill; IBERIA: loss of 4 unarmed US H-bombs (retrieved) | 1966 Sa OPPN UR Pi Vi | |
| + | 1966 Sa OPPN PL Pi Vi | ||
| + | INNOVN: * int'l spread of the supermarket & mass tourism; Surveyor 1 sends pictures from moon | 1966 CH +tri NE Pi Sc | |
| 1967 | MIDEAST: Six Day War, between Israel & Arabs (Israel gains Jerusalem, closes Suez Canal) | 1967 UR -sxt NE Vi Sc | |
| + | AFRICA: Biafra Civil War in Nigeria (67-70) (much death & famine); EUROPE: milit coup in Greece | 1967 CH OPPN UR Pi Vi | |
| + | CHINA: China-UK friction over Hong Kong; MIDEAST: pan-Arab solidarity grows | 1967 Sa OPPN UR Pi Vi | |
| + | N AMERICA: de Gaulle's 'Quebec Libre' speech; EUROPE: military coup in Greece | 1967 CH +tri NE Pi Sc | |
| + | ARTS: Beatles' 'Sgt Pepper', Dylan, Clapton, Rolling Stones, Hendrix, Joplin, G Dead, Airplane | ||
| + | INNOVN: devel of genetic engineering (synthesis of DNA); Expo 67, Montreal; heart transplants | ||
| 1968 | C EUROPE: liberal 'Prague Spring' (Dubcek) halted by USSR intervention; unrest in Warsaw | 1968 Ju OPPN CH Vi Pi | 1968 UR Li |
| + | USA: assassination of Martin Luther King & Robert Kennedy; CANADA: Pierre Trudeau, liberal PM | 1968 CH OPPN UR Pi Vi | 1968 CH Ar |
| + | WORLD: student & political protest (near anarchy in Germany, France, UK); USA: draft-dodging | ||
| + | BRITAIN: curbs on immigration from India, Africa, W Indies (repatriation suggested) | ||
| + | INNOVN: growth of worldwide satellite communications; pulsars discovered | ||
| + | * JAPAN: now 3rd largest ind'l state in world; ARTS: 'Monty Python', K Clark's 'Civilisation' | ||
| 1969 | IRELAND: violence breaks out in Ulster (between Cath nationalists & Prot unionists) | 1969 Ju OPPN CH Li Ar | 1969 CH Ar |
| + | INNOVN: FIRST MAN LANDS ON THE MOON (Armstrong, USA); supersonic Concorde airliner | 1969 CH OPPN UR Ar Li | |
| + | MIDEAST: growth of Palestine Lib'n Front (Y Arafat); C EUROPE: public suicide of Jan Palach | ||
| + | WORLD: Rome convention on marine pollution; first banning of DDT & cyclamate food additives | ||
| + | * IDEAS: influential Feminist, Green, New Left, Black, inner growth mvmnts; Woodstock festival | ||
| + | WORLD: world inflation, high interest rates; Nixon, Golda Meir, Indira Ghandi, W Brandt, Heath | ||
| 1970 | E EUROPE: Polish-German treaty (recognition of post-WW2 frontiers); German 'Ostpolitik' | 1970 CH OPPN UR Ar Li | 1970 NE Sg |
| + | S AMERICA: socialist Allende elected president of Chile, assassinated 1973 | 1970 CH Aph 8Ar | |
| + | WORLD: growth of airplane hijacking; low financial confidence; SE ASIA: Vietnam de-escalation | ||
| + | S AMERICA: world's 1st elected Marxist president, Allende, Chile | ||
| + | USA: Kent State deaths, 450 colleges close; Charles Manson; 'Jesus Movement' (fundamentalism) | ||
| + | MIDEAST: Palestinians fight Jordan for space to live & operate; IDEAS: G Greer 'Female Eunuch' | ||
| 1971 | WORLD: US-China detente, China joins UN; first US-USSR nuclear test ban treaty (ocean floor) | 1971 CH OPPN UR Ar Li | 1971 PL Li |
| + | S ASIA: Indo-Pak war leads to breakaway of Bangla Desh; SE ASIA: war spreads to Laos & Cambodia | 1971 Sa OPPN NE Ge Sg | |
| + | AFRICA: Idi Amin, Uganda dictator (71-79) (terror); Algeria nationalises Fr gas & oil interests | ||
| + | EUROPE: end of 400-year dispute between Catholic & Anglican churches (ecumenicalism) | ||
| + | BRITAIN: postal strike; internment without trial in Ulster | ||
| + | INNOVN: 'Intel' microprocessor silicon chip developed | ||
| 1972 | * WORLD: DÉTANTE (relaxing of Cold War); USA: 'Watergate Affair' (secrecy & corruption) | 1972 CH OPPN UR Ar Li | 1972 PL Li |
| + | SE ASIA: Marcos, dictator in Philippines; OCEANIA: Whitlam's Labour govt, Australia (anti-USA) | 1972 Sa OPPN NE Ge Sg | |
| + | INNOVN: discover of Tasaday stone-age tribe, Philippines; 'homo habilis' (R Leakey, Kenya) | 1972 UR -ssq NE Li Sg | |
| + | S ASIA: Ceylon becomes Sri Lanka republic | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| 1973 | SE ASIA: USA failing in IndoChina, VietCong, Pathet-Lao & Khmer Rouge gaining; 2m dead (65-73) | 1973 CH OPPN UR Ar Li | |
| + | MIDEAST: Yom Kippur, fourth Arab-Israeli war; Arab oil embargo of ind'l world | 1973 UR -ssq NE Li Sg | |
| + | EUROPE: Britain, Eire & Denmark join EC; E & W Germany recognise each other | 1973 CH +sqt NE Ar Sg | |
| + | WORLD: major recession in world (oil prices & econ instability; decline of Euro-USA dominance) | ||
| + | S AMERICA: military coup, Chile (Allende dies, CIA involvement); return of Perons, Argentina | ||
| + | INNOVN: US Pioneer 10 flies past Jupiter; IDEAS: Schumacher's 'Small is Beautiful' | ||
| 1974 | IBERIA: end of dictatorship in Portugal; AFRICA: Mozambique & Angola soon independent | 1974 CH +sqt NE Ar Sg | 1974 UR Sc |
| + | MED'N: Turkish invasion of E Cyprus (partition); return of democracy in Greece | ||
| + | USA: Nixon resigns in Watergate affair; protests over pardoning of Nixon; corruption trials | ||
| + | SE ASIA: Communists take over Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia; ARTS: ABBA (pop) | ||
| + | AFRICA: drought & famine; H Selassie of Ethiopia deposed by Marxist junta; Eritrean lib'n war | ||
| + | INNOVN: Skylab; USSR lands on Mars; research on quarks; WORLD: worldwide econ inflation | ||
| 1975 | MIDEAST: war between Christians & Muslims in Lebanon starts | 1975 CH +sqt NE Ar Sg | 1975 UR Sc |
| + | EUROPE: 35 nations sign Helsinki Accords on Security & Cooperation; WORLD: Int'l Women's Year | ||
| + | ASIA: India annexes Sikkim; Cambodian Khmer Rouge forces terror 'reforms'; end of Vietnam War | ||
| + | WORLD: independence of Angola, Mozambique, Papua New Guinea, Surinam; military coup in Peru | ||
| + | WORLD: growing Arab solidarity against Isreal; OPEC raises oil prices 10%; Suez Canal reopens | ||
| + | WORLD: US Apollo & USSR Soyuz craft meet in space; Europe & US liberalisation on homosexuality | ||
| 1976 | AFRICA: Morocco & Mauritania partition Span Sahara; Angola civil war starts; Soweto riots | 1976 NE +sxt PL Sg Li | 1976 CH Ta |
| + | IBERIA: liberalisation in Spain on death of Franco; WORLD: destruction of ozone layer noted | 1976 Ju CONJ CH Ar Ar | |
| + | WORLD: USA-USSR nuclear test treaty; USA: Bicentennial; 'Moonies'; Jimmy Carter, President | 1976 CH +sqt NE Ar Sg | |
| + | CHINA: Mao dies; Hua Kuo-Feng begins liberalisation; 'Gang of Four' coup attempt | ||
| + | SCANDNVA: Swedish Soc Dem party (Olof Palme) lose 1st election for 44 years | ||
| + | WORLD: earthquakes in China, Italy, Turkey, Mindanao, Bali, Guatemala; EUROPE: riots in Poland | ||
| 1977 | WORLD: HUMAN RIGHTS ISSUES (Carter, Sakharov, Amnesty Int'l); energy crisis & conservation | 1977 NE +sxt PL Sg Li | 1977 CH Ta |
| + | WORLD: two jumbo jets collide at Tenerife, killing 575 people | 1977 CH +sqt NE Ta Sg | |
| + | MIDEAST: PLO calls for independent Palestinian nation; Egypt-Israel agreements | ||
| + | ASIA: military coups in Pakistan (Zia) & Thailand; S AFRICA: ind black 'homelands' created | ||
| + | INNOVN: space shuttle; neutron bomb; disc'y of Chiron & Uranus' rings; genetics breakthroughs | ||
| + | USA: blackouts in NYC (disruption & looting); WORLD: volcanic eruptions in Japan, Italy, Hawaii | ||
| 1978 | WORLD: unrest in Nicarague, Iran, Afghanistan, Yemen, Bolivia; war in Lebanon complexifies | 1978 NE +sxt PL Sg Li | |
| + | INNOVN: Soviet cosmonauts 20 weeks in space; 'test-tube baby' (UK); ARTS: A Lloyd-Webber | 1978 UR +ssx PL Sc Li | |
| + | EUROPE: Red Brigades (Italy), Baader-Meinhof (Ger), IRA (UK) bombings | 1978 UR -ssx NE Sc Sg | |
| + | AFRICA: Katanga invaded by rebels (repulsed); S AMERICA: 'People's Temple' suicide of 917 | 1978 CH +sqt NE Ta Sg | |
| + | * SE ASIA: beg of migration of Vietnamese 'boat people' (escaping communist regime) | ||
| + | ROME: Polish Pope John Paul II (1st non-Italian since 1522) | ||
| 1979 | C ASIA: Soviet forces occupy Afghanistan (79-89) (fight between Soviets & Islamic fundmntlism) | 1979 NE +sxt PL Sg Li | |
| + | MIDEAST: Shah deposed; Ayatollah Khomeini returns to found fundamentalist Islamic republic | 1979 UR +ssx PL Sc Li | |
| + | AFRICA: Uganda invaded by expatriots, Idi Amin deposed (end of genocide, corruption, torture) | 1979 UR -ssx NE Sc Sg | |
| + | SE ASIA: Vietnam invades Kampuchea (against Pol Pot Kh Rouge regime) | ||
| + | BRITAIN: Margaret Thatcher beomces PM; IRAN: students take US hostages (seeking return of Shah) | ||
| + | * WORLD: growth of influential New Age, complementary medicine, womens' and green movements | ||
| 1980 | MIDEAST: Iran-Iraq war (80-89, deadlocked, costly); US abortive attempt to rescue hostages | 1980 NE +sxt PL Sg Li | |
| + | C AMERICA: ruthless civil wars in San Salvador and elsewhere in Latin America | ||
| + | E EUROPE: Solidarity (Lech Walesa) focuses dissent in Poland (seed of later revolutions) | ||
| + | AFRICA: Zimbabwe independent (Mugabe) | ||
| - | |||
| + | |||
| 1981 | * ASIA: rise of Islamic Fundamentalism (Khomeini); Sadat (Egypt) killed; Muhajedin fighters | 1981 NE +sxt PL Sg Li | 1981 UR Sg |
| + | WORLD: assassination attempts on US Pres Ronald Reagan & Pope John Paul II | 1981 CH +qcx NE Ta Sg | |
| + | MIDEAST: Israeli planes destroy nuclear plant in Iraq (preventing bomb making) | 1981 CH -qcx PL Ta Li | |
| + | BRITAIN: IRA Maze hunger strike; inner city riots, unemployment 2m+ | ||
| + | USA: R Reagan accuses USSR of being 'Evil Empire'; moral-majority conservatism | ||
| + | |||
| 1982 | MIDEAST: Israel invades troubled Lebanon (evacuation of PLO by sea) | 1982 NE +sxt PL Sg Li | |
| + | S AMERICA: Falklands War (UK 'Iron Lady' vs Argentine junta) over Malvinas islands | 1982 Ju OPPN CH Sc Ta | |
| + | IBERIA: socialist Gonzalez, PM (reform & econ growth); ARTS: Attenborough's film 'Ghandi' | 1982 Sa CONJ PL Li Li | |
| + | S ASIA: Tamil separatists unleash unrest in Sri Lanka | 1982 CH +qcx NE Ta Sg | |
| + | * WORLD: peak of nuclear war fears ('Star Wars', cruise missiles, Greenham Common women) | 1982 CH -qcx PL Ta Li | |
| + | |||
| 1983 | MIDEAST: 239 US Marines killed by Islamic Jihad terrorists (US withdraw from Lebanon) | 1983 NE +sxt PL Sg Li | 1983 PL Sc |
| + | INDIA: Bengalis massacred in Assam in civil riots | 1983 Ju OPPN CH Sg Ge | 1983 CH Ge |
| + | E ASIA: USSR Mig's shoot down stray Korean airliner over Kamchatka | 1983 CH +qcx NE Ta Sg | |
| + | INNOVN: Pioneer 10 passes Neptune and leaves solar system | 1983 CH -qcx PL Ta Li | |
| + | * WORLD: int'lising of finance grows almost to cult proportions (takeovers, junk-bonds) | ||
| + | |||
| 1984 | INDIA: Bhopal Union Carbide toxic gas disaster (2500 die) | 1984 NE +sxt PL Cp Sc | 1984 NE Cp |
| + | INDIA: gov't invasion of Sikh Golden Temple, Kashmir; Sikhs kill Indira Ghandi | 1984 UR on S Node | 1984 PL Sc |
| + | AFRICA: disastrous famine in Ethiopia (weather, war + gov't restrictions) | 1984 CH +qcx NE Ge Cp | 1984 CH Ge |
| + | INNOVN: identification of AIDS virus; retrieval & repair of satellite by space shuttle | 1984 CH -qcx PL Ge Sc | |
| + | BRITAIN: coal miners' strike (against ind'l decline & gov't); WORLD: AIDS scares | ||
| + | C AMERICA: civil war in Nicaragua (Sandinista gov't vs right-wing, US-backed Contras) | ||
| 1985 | WORLD: Live Aid (Geldof, raises money for Ethiopian famine, swings awareness worldwide) | 1985 CH OPPN UR Ge Sg | |
| + | WORLD: international terrorism (mainly Islamic) threatens order & security | 1985 CH -qcx PL Ge Sc | |
| + | WORLD: Fr agents sink Greenpeace 'Rainbow Warrior' (to prevent protest against nuclear test) | ||
| + | S AFRICA: black township unrest, state of emergency declared | ||
| + | USSR: rise to power of Mikhael Gorbachev, perestroika & glasnost (new era in USSR) | ||
| + | |||
| 1986 | USA: 'Irangate' affair; explosion of space-shuttle 'Challenger'; support of right-wing Contras | 1986 CH OPPN UR Ge Sg | |
| + | WORLD: explosion of Chernobyl nuclear plant (Ukraine) brings fear & opinion swing worldwide | 1986 HALLEY'S COMET | |
| + | SE ASIA: dictator Marcos ousted by Mrs Aquino in Philippines ('people power' against dictators) | 1986 UR +ssq PL Sg Sc | |
| + | N AFRICA: US bombing of Libya (against int terrorism & Col Ghadafi) | 1986 CH -sqt PL Ge Sc | |
| + | * WORLD: International pressure groups: Greenpeace, Friends of the Earth, Peace groups, Amnesty Int'l | ||
| + | |||
| 1987 | WORLD: growing atmosphere for disarmament: Reagan (US) & Gorbachev (USSR) summits | 1987 CH OPPN UR Ge Sg | |
| + | USSR: Gorbachev starts major liberal reforms (social & economic restructuring & openness) | 1987 Sa OPPN CH Sg Ge | |
| + | MIDEAST: Iran-Iraq war intensifies (endangering Persian Gulf, oil interests & neighbours) | 1987 UR +ssq PL Sg Sc | |
| + | WORLD: 'Black Monday' Stock Market crash ends period of world economic growth & speculation | 1987 CH -sqt PL Ge Sc | |
| + | WORLD: Japan now dominates world financial markets; ecological priorities grow (ozone-layer) | ||
| + | BRITAIN: 'Spycatcher' secrets trials; hurricane hits England | ||
| 1988 | WORLD: USA-USSR DISARMAMENT TALKS END THE COLD WAR | 1988 Sa OPPN CH Sg Ge | 1988 UR Cp |
| + | USA: 'Irangate' trials (over clandestine military deals between USA & Iran) | 1988 CH OPPN UR Ge Sg | 1988 CH Cn |
| + | WORLD: rise of threat of chemical warfare (Iraqi use against Kurdish minority & Iran) | 1988 Sa CONJ UR Sg Sg | |
| + | C ASIA: Tibetan revolts against Chinese government | 1988 CH -sqt PL Ge Sc | |
| + | SE ASIA: ascendancy of the Asian 'tiger economies' – Korea, Malaysia, Thailand, Taiwan, Indonesia | ||
| + | WORLD: rise of threat of chemical warfare (Iraqi use against Kurdish minority & Iran) | ||
| 1989 | EUROPE: Communist governments topple in E Europe (non-violent velvet revolutions, ex Rumania) | 1989 CH OPPN UR Cn Cp | |
| + | WORLD: awakening of nationalist feeling worldwide (USSR, E Europe, Asia) | 1989 CH OPPN NE Cn Cp | |
| + | WORLD: Salman Rushdie affair (awakens old shadows of European-Islamic strife) | 1989 Sa CONJ NE Cp Cp | |
| + | WORLD: FALL OF IRON CURTAIN & BERLIN WALL (changes in world power and in Europe) | 1989 Sa OPPN CH Cp Cn | |
| + | WORLD: campaign to create a World Park in Antarctica | 1989 PL Peri 14Sc | |
| + | CHINA: Tienanmen Square democracy movement crushed (human rights) | 1989 CH -tri PL Cn Sc | |
| 1990 | S AFRICA: liberalisation and ending of apartheid (Pres de Klerk) | 1990 Ju CONJ CH Cn Cn | |
| + | MIDEAST: Iraq occupies Kuwait (threatening world economy & oil supplies) | 1990 Sa OPPN CH Cp Cn | |
| + | WORLD: global corporate power (Microsoft, News Int'l, McDonalds, corporate takeovers) | 1990 CH OPPN NE Cn Cp | |
| + | USSR: separatist movements (Baltics, Georgia, Caucasus; disintegration, threat of civil war) | 1990 CH -tri PL Cn Sc | |
| + | EUROPE: reunification of Germany begins new era in 1990s Germany (Chancellor Kohl) | ||
| + | |||
| 1991 | MIDEAST: Gulf War (Desert Storm, against Iraq); Shia & Kurdish rebellions; major relief operations in Iraq | 1991 Sa OPPN CH Aq Le | 1991 CH Le |
| + | AFRICA: famine in Ethiopia/Sudan (changes in aid operations, growth of large aid organisations) | ||
| + | MIDEAST: Lebanese civil war (1976-91) ends in national exhaustion (reconstruction follows) | ||
| + | RUSSIA: rapid end of USSR, Gorbachev & Communist party (coup attempt); rise of Yeltsin's Russia, with | ||
| + | Western business invasion & growth of Russian business-mafia; Ukraine & Baltic states independent | ||
| + | C ASIA: new states of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Kirgyzstan, Turkmenistan | ||
| 1992 | WORLD: growth of World Wide Web, brings Internet into widespread popular use | 1992 Sa OPPN CH Aq Le | |
| + | WORLD: noticeable major global climatic changes; UN Rio Earth Summit (on global ecological questions) | 1992 CH -SQR PL Le Sc | |
| + | EUROPE: European Union integration (Maastricht Treaty, harmonisation, social & economic) | 1992 CH -qcx UR Le Cp | |
| + | AFRICA: failed UN/US intervention in Somalia (peacekeeping & aid fail; African power-politics low-point) | ||
| + | SE EUROPE: breakup of Yugoslavia into small states, war between Serbia & Croatia | ||
| + | W EUROPE: rise of the mysterious phenomenon of crop formations | ||
| 1993 | EUROPE: Bosnian civil war (between Muslim, Croat & Serb Bosnians, atrocities & concentration camps) | 1993 UR CONJ NE Cp Cp | 1993 CH Vi |
| + | MIDEAST: Israel-Palestine peace accords (mediated in Norway, plans for a Palestinian state) | 1993 CH -SQR PL Le Sc | |
| + | * WORLD: political, religious & institutional corruption exposed in many countries | 1993 CH -qcx UR Le Cp | |
| + | USA: Pres Bill Clinton (US period of wealth, technol growth & sole world superpower) | 1993 CH -sqt NE Vi Cp | |
| + | RUSSIA: Mafiosi-businessmen beome the dominant power in Russia | 1993 CH -sqt UR Vi Cp | |
| + | |||
| 1994 | AFRICA: Rwanda massacres (of Tutsi by Hutu; genocidal horror, Hutus flee, refugee camps) | ||
| + | S AFRICA: multi-racial elections in S Africa (ANC, Pres Nelson Mandela, multiracial society) | ||
| + | RUSSIA: Chechen war (94-97, Chechens declare independence, Russian invasion, destruction of Grozny) | ||
| + | * CHINA: rise of China as a world economic/manufacturing power (rebuilding of Shanghai) | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| 1995 | EUROPE: NATO intervention in Bosnia, war ends (NATO/UN occupation, Serb loss; UN peacekeeping) | 1995 UR +sxt PL Cp Sc | 1995 PL Sg |
| + | MIDEAST: Israeli PM Rabin assassinated (by right-wing Jew, Israeli peace process fails, right-wing gov't) | 1995 CH -tri UR Vi Cp | 1995 UR Aq |
| + | WORLD: furore over French nuclear testing in Pacific Ocean (growing world pacifism) | 1995 CH -tri NE Vi Cp | 1995 CH Li |
| + | WORLD: UN Women's Conference, Beijing (Third World women's influence and role in world change) | 1995 UR +sxt PL Aq Sg | |
| + | 1995 CH -sxt PL Vi Sc | ||
| + | |||
| 1996 | 1996 UR +sxt PL Aq Sg | 1996 UR Aq | |
| + | ASIA: decline of Japan as economic power (loans crises, lack of reform, competition from Tiger economies) | 1996 CH -SQR NE Li Cp | 1996 CH Sc |
| + | C ASIA: fundamentalist Taliban militia take Afghanistan (oppression of women) | ||
| + | INNOVN: a computer beats chess-master Kasparov at chess | ||
| + | * MIDEAST: Kurdish campaigns for independence (Turkey, Syria, raq) | ||
| + | |||
| 1997 | CHINA: Hong Kong rejoins China (last major British colony; 'one country, two systems' in China) | 1997 UR +sxt PL Aq Sg | 1997 CH Sc |
| + | ASIA: Asian Tiger economies' market crash (collapse of economies, social distress) | 1997 CH -SQR NE Li Cp | |
| + | INNOVN: Dolly the sheep, world's first cloned animal, Scotland (rising public fear of genetic biotech) | 1997 CH -ssx PL Sc Sg | |
| + | BRITAIN/INDIA: death of Princess Diana & Mother Theresa (mass emotional release, shifts of values) | 1997 CH -SQR UR Sc Aq | |
| + | BRITAIN: rise to power of Tony Blair's New Labour gov't ('Middle Way' politics, Ulster peace process) | ||
| + | |||
| 1998 | WORLD: climatic extremes & disasters, forest fires, marked global warming, Antarctic ice melting (el Nino) | 1998 NE Aq | |
| + | WORLD: global economic uncertainty (decline of Japan, econ crisis in SE Asia, Brazil, Russia) | ||
| + | USA: internal political/constitutional crisis (pres Clinton's moral stature, Starr, Lewinsky) | ||
| + | SE EUROPE: unrest in Kosovo (Albanian majority seek independence, Serb-Albanian atrocities escalate) | ||
| + | MIDEAST: beginnings of liberalisation in Iran (President Khatami, rise of new generation) | ||
| + | W AFRICA: reforms and democracy begin in Nigeria (decline of military dictatorship & kleptocracy) | ||
| 1999 | SE EUROPE: Kosovo Crisis (ethnic cleansing, NATO intervention, Kosovans return, Serb loss & isolation) | 1999 CH -sxt NE Sg Aq | |
| + | WORLD: peace processes (India-Pakistan, Israel, Ulster, Sierra Leone); civil wars in Angola, Afghanistan | 1999 CH CONJ PL Sg Sg | 1999 CH Sg |
| + | INNOVN: genetically modified crops (public pressures over food politics, corporate power, biotechnology) | ||
| + | WORLD: growing anticipation of Y2K technological breakdowns (much investment in fixing) | ||
| + | GERMANY: return of national capital to Berlin | ||
| + | |||
| 2000 | 2000 CH -sxt UR Sg Aq |
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Next: Astrological Configurations over time (coming soon)
The Historical Ephemeris    |